Mucosal effector memory T cells: the other side of the coin

Immunological memory allows for rapid and effective protective immunity to previously encountered pathogens. New insights in understanding specific memory differentiation and function have now indicated that in addition to providing enhanced immunity, an important purpose of immunological memory is to provide immediate protection at all sites of the body, including non-lymphoid tissues. Effector memory CD8 T cells have the capacity to reside long-term at epithelial surfaces, where they allow for rapid containment of the invading pathogens at the local entry site and prevent systemic spreading and excessive immune responses. The accumulation of tissue-specific memory T cell subsets, together with cross-reactivity of these antigen-experienced T cells even to unrelated pathogens, provides flexibility and expansion of their specificity repertoire that over time greatly surpasses that of the declining na?ve T cell populations. This review will discuss new insights into T cell memory. We will focus in particular on the generation and function of effector memory CD8 T cells at the intestinal mucosa, which represents one of the largest entry sites for pathogens.     

Dual modes of 5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl)amiloride modulation of apical dipeptide uptake in the human small intestinal epithelial cell line Caco-2

Selective pharmacological Na⁺/H⁺ exchange (NHE) inhibitors were used to identify functional NHE isoforms in human small intestinal enterocytes (Caco-2) and to distinguish between direct and indirect effects on transport via the intestinal di/tripeptide transporter hPepT1. The relative potencies of these inhibitors to inhibit ²²Na⁺ influx identifies NHE3 and NHE1 as the apical and basolateral NHE isoforms. The Na⁺-dependent (NHE3-sensitive) component of apical dipeptide ([¹⁴C] Gly-Sar) uptake was inhibited by the selective NHE inhibitors with the same order of potency observed for inhibition of apical ²²Na⁺ uptake. However, 5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl) amiloride (EIPA) also reduced [¹⁴C]Gly-Sar uptake in the absence of Na⁺ and this inhibition was concentration and pH (maximal at pH 5.5) dependent. NHE3 inhibition by S1611 and S3226 modulates dipeptide uptake indirectly by reducing the transapical driving force (H⁺ electrochemical gradient). EIPA (at 100 μM) has similar effects, but at higher concentrations (>200 μM) also has direct inhibitory effects on hPepT1.Received 28 February 2005; received after revision 20 April 2005; accepted 20 May 2005     

厚朴皮、叶、花水提物对小鼠胃肠动力作用的比较研究

目的探讨厚朴皮、叶、花对小鼠胃排空及肠推进运动的影响。方法采用胃排空、小肠推进运动实验法,观察高、低剂量厚朴皮、叶、花水提物对小鼠胃排空及小肠推进运动的影响。结果厚朴干皮、根皮、枝皮、叶水提物高、低剂量均能促进胃排空和肠推进运动,与蒸馏水对照组比较差异显著(P0.01,P0.05);厚朴根皮、枝皮、叶水提物组与相对应剂量厚朴干皮水提物组比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论厚朴干皮、根皮、枝皮、叶水提物均具有促进胃排空、肠推进运动的作用,且厚朴根皮、枝皮、叶可代替厚朴干皮用于胃肠促动。     

Characterization of 17β-estradiol 3-(β-D-glucopyranoside) and 17-(α-D-glucopyranoside) as the metabolites of 17β-estradiol in the cultured ovaries of the silkworm,Bombyx mori

Summary The structures of the metabolites formed upon incubation of 17-estradiol with the ovaries of silkworm,Bombyx mori, have been determined as 17-estradiol 3-(-D-glucopyranoside) (1) and 17-(-D-glucopyranoside) (2) by spectroscopic means.     

Partial purification and characterization of acid phosphatase from sporulated oocysts ofEimeria tenella

Summary Acid phosphatase ofEimeria tenella oocysts (Peak II) was purified 77-fold with a recovery of 26% using protamine sulfate precipitation, DEAE-cellulose chromatography and Sephadex G-200 gel filtration. This enzyme occurs in multiple forms as indicated by two peaks which can be separated by DEAE-cellulose chromatography and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The partially purified enzyme has optimal activity at pH 4.5. With p-nitrophenyl phosphate the Km and V_max values for (Peak II) were 25 mM and 1.57 mol/min/mg protein, respectively. The enzyme (Peak II) ist strongly inhibited by Hg⁺⁺, Cu⁺⁺, iodoacetamide, fluoride and molybdate. Tartrate and other divalent metal ions have no effect on enzyme activity. The partially purified Peak II phosphatase is not a glycoprotein as it is not absorbed on concanavalin-A Sepharose and its treatment with bacterial neuraminidase does not alter its elution profile through DEAE cellulose.     

青皮和陈皮对大鼠小肠纵行肌条运动的影响

把大鼠离体小肠纵行肌条安置在灌流肌槽中 ,记录肌条自发收缩活动的变化 ,比较青皮和陈皮对各肌条运动的影响并初步探讨青皮的作用机制 .青皮 (p H 5 .0 )和陈皮 (p H 5 .8)均明显减小各肌条的收缩波平均振幅 ,且青皮的作用比陈皮强 .中性青皮减小各肌条的收缩波平均振幅 ,但中性陈皮只减小十二指肠肌条的收缩波平均振幅 .酚妥拉明可部分阻断青皮 (p H7.4 )对回肠纵行肌条的抑制作用 (由加酚妥拉明之前的 - 6 7.3%± 5 .5 %减小为 - 4 4 .0 %± 3.2 % ,p <0 .0 0 5 ) ,六烃季胺、心得安、消炎痛、L- NNA不影响青皮的作用 .结果表明 :青皮和陈皮同为柑橘的果皮 ,但青皮对大鼠小肠纵行肌条的抑制作用比陈皮强 .青皮对回肠纵行肌条的抑制效应可能部分经由肾上腺素能α受体介导 ,对其他部位肌条的抑制作用机理有待于进一步研究     

一株南海珊瑚细菌L-4抗肿瘤活性次生

 在研究珊瑚微生物混合共培养时发现：在混合培养中南海珊瑚内生细菌L-4对真菌的次生代谢产物明显产生影响,甚至产生此二微生物单独培养时所不产生的物质。对L-4发酵液进行次生代谢产物研究,从中分离纯化得到8个单体化合物,通过现代波谱分析（MS、NMR等）和物理常数对照等手段确定其结构依次为：环（色-丙）二肽（1）、环（甘-酪）二肽（2）、环（丙-酪）二肽（3）、环（缬-酪）二肽（4）、环（甘-苯丙）二肽（5）、环（甘-脯）二肽（6）、环（丙-缬）二肽（7）、环（甘-丙）二肽（8）均为环二肽类物质,且均首次从南海珊瑚内生细菌中分离得到,对进一步研究其可能的代谢机制具有重要意义。     

酸性蛋白酶、微生态制剂和抗生素对肉鸡生长性能的影响研究

选取1日龄健康AA肉鸡1200只,随机分成6组,分别饲喂在基础日粮中添加抗生素(作为对照组)及不同配比酸性蛋白酶与微生态制剂或抗生素(作为处理组).试验期为42 d,分为前期(1～21 d)和后期(22～42 d)两个阶段.结果表明:与抗生素对照组相比,第4组、第5组、第6组肉鸡体增重得到显著的提高,分别提高了15.6%、24%、16.3%(P<0.05),料重比分别降低了6.60%(P>0.05)、7.61%(P<0.05)、6.60%(P>0.05);各处理组能显著地增加空肠中乳酸菌数量(P<0.05),以添加0.01%酸性蛋白酶+0.005%微生态制剂效果最佳,其他各处理组之间乳酸菌数量差异不显著(P>0.05).     

联合应用生长激素和谷氨酰胺对短肠大鼠小肠粘膜IGF-1 mRNA表达的影响

选用 4 0只手术成功的SD短肠大鼠 ,按 2× 2析因实验设计随机分为 4组 ,分别给予常规全肠外营养 (TPN组 ,n =10 )、附加谷氨酰胺 (TPN +Gln组 ,n =10 )、附加生长激素 (TPN +GH组 ,n =10 )及附加谷氨酰胺和生长激素全肠外营养 (TPN +Gln +GH组 ,n =10 ) ,持续 6天 ,取 8只正常大鼠模拟手术后第 1天处死 ,作为基础对照组 (n =8)。应用放免分析法检测血生长激素和血IGF 1的水平 ,Northernblot方法检测残留小肠粘膜IGF 1mRNA表达。探讨了联合应用生长激素和谷氨酰胺防止小肠粘膜萎缩的可能分子机制。结果表明 ,GH组和GG组血浆GH和IGF 1水平较TPN和TPN +Gln组明显增高 (P <0 .0 1) ;TPN组小肠粘膜组织IGF 1mRNA表达明显低于对照组 (P <0 .0 1) ,TPN+Gln组和TPN +GH组小肠粘膜IGF 1mRNA的表达较TPN组明显增高 ;TPN +Gln +GH组小肠粘膜组织IGF 1mR NA的表达水平提高显著 ,高于TPN +GH组和TPN +Gln组 (P <0 .0 1)。这说明 ,生长激素和谷氨酰胺的联合应用可能通过上调小肠粘膜细胞IGF 1mRNA的表达 ,增加IGF 1的自分泌和旁分泌 ,发挥其促进细胞分裂增殖和抑制细胞凋亡作用 ,从而防止小肠粘膜萎缩的发生。     

洱海下游肠道致病菌噬菌体分离与鉴定

目的:分离洱海下游水体中的肠道致病菌噬菌体,了解肠道致病菌污染情况。方法:通过噬菌斑法从洱海下游水体中分离和鉴定各种肠道致病菌噬菌体。结果:成功分离出了痢疾杆菌噬菌体、伤寒杆菌噬菌体、乙型副伤寒杆菌噬菌体、大肠杆菌噬菌体4种肠道致病菌噬菌体。结论:洱海下游水体存在痢疾杆菌、伤寒杆菌、乙型副伤寒杆菌、大肠杆菌污染,提示需进一步加强大理周边生活污水排放的治理工作。