论贝塔朗菲“机体论”的系统思想

贝塔朗菲的"机体论"包含三个主要观点:生物体是一个有机整体的观点;等级观点;动态的开放系统观点。这三个观点为其后来创立一般系统论奠定了基础。有机体生物学中所阐释的许多基本原则和范畴,后来推广成了一般系统论的基本原理和范畴。     

对马克思社会有机体论的伦理分析

马克思的社会有机体论是马克思主义理论的重要组成部分。社会有机体是社会构成诸要素紧密相连的有机整体,是一个不断处于运动和变化的有机体。从伦理学的向度看,这一理论揭示了资本主义社会发达有机体的必然灭亡,科学预测了和谐社会的社会有机体的历史趋势。马克思的社会有机体论具有整体性、有机性和开放性的原则,其规范性表现为社会有机体论的实践性、统一性和矛盾性。     

Ants feeding on anal exudate from tortricid larvae: a new type of trophobiosis

A new type of trophobiosis between tortricid larvae of a hitherto unknown genus and species, and various ant species of the subfamilies Formicinae, Dolichoderinae and Myrmicinae, was found in Malaysia. The larvae live in silken shelters fixed to the leaves of bamboo. In response to mechanical stimuli from the ants, they discharge from the anus a liquid containing sugar and amino acids and/or protein. The tortricid is described as Semutophila saccharopa gen. nov., sp. nov.; a second species, S. susurra sp. nov., is described from New Guinea.     

Extended parental care in two endobenthic amphipods

Extended parental care is described for two endobenthic amphipods which inhabit the estuarine soft-bottoms along the Gulf of Maine. The juveniles of both amphipod species, Leptocheirus pinguis and Casco bigelowi, remain in the burrow of their mother after they hatch from the brood pouch. Several consecutive clutches of L. pinguis can inhabit the female's burrow simultaneously, but in C. bigelowi there is always only one clutch of juveniles in the burrow of the female. Larger juveniles of L. pinguis start building their own small tubes at the bottom of the female's burrow. Casco bigelowi females increase the size of their burrows during the time when the juveniles grow. The juveniles of both species leave the female's burrow at about half adult size. The major tasks of female L. pinguis and C. bigelowi during the time of extended parental care is to irrigate and maintain the deep burrow. It is hypothesized that extended parental care in L. pinguis, C. bigelowi and other tube/burrow-living peracarids is a mechanism to protect small offspring from epibenthic predation.     

Potential impacts of logging on intertidal infaunal communities within the Kitimat River estuary

ABSTRACT

Efficiently evaluating industrial activities plays an essential role in determining the extent to which human–ecosystem interactions may lead to species loss, disrupted community dynamics, and degraded ecosystems. Intertidal habitats offer a unique opportunity in this regard, as they are species rich ecosystems that exhibit rapid community turnover and pronounced responses to ecological disturbances. In an attempt to use these dynamic communities to identify the impact storage of harvested logs is having on the Kitimat River estuary, surveys evaluating the biotic and abiotic conditions within surrounding mudflats were conducted. The intertidal mudflats of the Kitimat River Estuary varied spatially and temporally, and with differences in the infaunal community, as well as the abiotic sediment conditions between reference mudflats, and mudflats potentially impacted by logging activities. While these differences were pronounced, we cannot at this time link these differences to the logging activities at impacted sites. We also observed evidence that suggests that the infaunal community of these intertidal mudflats have changed substantially since the 1970s, with the establishment of a community of polychaetes, as well as the appearance of the invasive clam Mya arenaria, and the invasive Cumacea Nippoleucon hinumensis. Beyond contrasting impacted and reference mudflats, the current health of these mudflats, as indicated by the infaunal community assemblage, is currently unclear. More research is required to determine if organic enrichment has occurred at these habitats, as well as to further elucidate the current health of these intertidal mudflats.     

First record of the invasive Asian date mussel Arcuatula senhousia (Benson, 1842) (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Mytilidae) in West Africa

ABSTRACT

Biological invasions can have serious consequences for native communities. The Asian date mussel Arcuatula senhousia is an Asian species that has been accidentally introduced into coastal areas of North America, Oceania and the Mediterranean, with significant impact on local benthic communities. Here, we present the first record of this species in West Africa, after having found one live specimen in a mudflat off the island of Bubaque, in the Bijagós archipelago of Guinea-Bissau. Given the importance of the benthic communities for wintering shorebirds and local fisheries at this key West African wetland, and considering the invasive behaviour of Asian date mussels, we recommend further monitoring to confirm whether a self-maintaining population has settled in the area.     

Meteorotropy and medical-meteorological forecasts

The meteorotropic reaction of the human organism is a function of different factors, such as the type and intensity of the effects of the physical environment as well as individual conditions like adaptive capacity and state of health. Many medical-meteorological studies show causal correlations between conditions in the lower atmosphere and reactions of the human organism, but also combined or synergistic effects of different weather situations, which can only be proved stochastically. These effects are described and the methodology of the investigations, as well as the results, critically discussed. Furthermore, application of the results in the areas of medical-meteorological consultation, with the goal of improving living conditions, is considered.     

Pollution situation of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Chinese biota

多溴联苯醚（PBDEs）作为一种新型的持久性有机污染物,对生物体存在甲状腺毒性、神经系统毒性、生殖发育毒性和潜在的致癌性等。通过文献资料查阅等方法,归纳总结了PBDEs在我国生物体及人体中的污染现状,提出今后对PBDEs污染研究需加强的方面：建立一套适合我国国情的PBDEs分析检测方法;增加内陆生物体中的PBDEs研究;增加PBDEs在生物体不同组织中的残留水平和分布特征的研究;加大生物体中PBDEs源解析研究等。     

浙江岱山岛修造船厂附近夏季潮间带的生物种类组成、数量分布及生物多样性研究

2011年7月15日和8月1日,在浙江省岱山岛岱西镇舟山海天船舶工程有限公司（A3采样点）、浙江海舟修造船有限公司（A2采样点）和岱山东沙古镇附近（A1采样点）滩涂潮间带进行大型底栖动物资源调查与采样。经鉴定、测量及计算,得3个采样站位的生物丰度由大到小排序为A1（63．73ind／m2）〉A3（23．19ind／m2）〉A2（8．54ind／m2）,生物多样性指数由大到小排序为H＇Al（2.24） = H＇A3（2.24） 〉H＇A2 （1.81） ,总生物量从大到小排序为Al（51．27g／mZ）〉A3（45．36g／m2）〉A2（8．48g／m2）。由此可知,Al采样点的生物量稍高于A3采样点生物量,显著高于A2采样点生物量,A1采样点物种多样性则与A3采样点相等,二者均高于A2采样点物种多样性,表明修造船业对附近海洋生态环境产生严重危害,有荒漠化的趋势。建议舟山船舶修造业发展必须遵循科学论证、合理规划和布局原则,科学保护海洋生态环境,使船舶工业和生态环境和谐可持续发展才是舟山船舶工业发展的必由之路。     

天津滨海湿地土壤盐分空间演变规律研究

天津滨海的天然湿地主要起源于全新世中、晚期以来的海陆变迁,后来的海陆交互作用以及人类活动使其产生了不同程度的盐渍化.为研究湿地土壤盐分自潮间带向内陆演进的演变规律,依据距海距离,选取潮间带(0 km)、北大港(24 km)、七里海(38 km)和大黄堡(70 km)4个典型滨海湿地,对其土壤盐分的演变规律进行分析.结果显示:(1)土壤含盐量和电导率自潮间带向内陆呈显著指数递减趋势,并表现出表层(0~5 cm)聚集特征.(2)除(HCO3-+CO32-)外,离子含量与距海距离之间呈极显著指数负相关关系.潮间带、七里海和大黄堡湿地的土壤阳离子均以Na+为主,而北大港湿地以Na+和Ca2+组成占绝对优势.从潮间带到内陆湿地,土壤中阴离子从以Cl-为主过渡到以Cl-、SO42-和HCO3-+CO32-为主.(3)除大黄堡湿地,各湿地含盐量均与Cl-呈极显著正相关,与SO42-从潮间带湿地到内陆湿地由不相关过渡到极显著正相关,HCO3-+CO32-与含盐量仅在北大港湿地呈极显著正相关.(4)潮间带湿地土壤表层(0~5 cm)和中间层(20~50 cm)为弱碱化土,次表层(5~20 cm)和深层(50~100 cm)为中度碱化;北大港和大黄堡湿地整个1 m土层均为弱碱化;七里海湿地为中度碱化.