水处理过程中有机膜老化机理研究进展

过去20年间,我国膜技术领域取得了长足进步,在水资源、新能源、传统工业技术改造等方面发挥了重要作用.现有水处理过程中膜老化增速快、再利用难,为准确评估膜的服役寿命以确定经济可行的更换周期和后处置计划,综述了影响膜老化的内在因素、外在因素、表征方法和性能参数,探讨了膜性能因素、膜的化学/物理特性、分析方法及其相互联系.实...     

Numerical investigation on heat transfer characterization of liquid lithium metal in pipe

Liquid Li metal is a promising nuclear reactor coolant; however, relevant research regarding its heat transfer characteristics remains insufficient. In this study, a steady-state two-dimensional mathematical model is established to describe the heat transfer process of liquid Li in a straight pipe. A numerical analysis is conducted to investigate the effects of inlet velocity, inlet temperature, and wall heat flux on heat transfer in liquid Li. The results indicate the advantage of using liquid Li for improving heat transfer at high inlet temperatures (> 1000 K) compared with using liquid sodium and lead–bismuth eutectic. Considering the mechanism of the outlet radial heat flow model, the ratio of turbulent to molecular diffusion coefficients presents a parabolic distribution along the radius of the pipe. Increasing the inlet velocity, decreasing the inlet temperature, and decreasing the wall heat flux can effectively weaken the dominant role of molecular heat transfer owing to the low Prandtl number of liquid Li. The heat transfer of liquid Li is investigated comprehensively in this study, and the results provide a basis for the practical application of liquid Li as a promising coolant.     

Janus few layered graphene with asymmetric wettability as anti-flooding cathode supports in proton exchange membrane fuel cells

Water balance in cathode catalyst layer (CCL) is crucial for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Herein, we report a novel strategy to develop a Janus few layered graphene particles (FLGP) with asymmetric wettability by varying the carbon precursors in the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process. Using the Janus FLGP supported Pt with asymmetric wettability as the cathode of a PEMFC, a peak power density of 632 mW cm⁻² was achieved, which was about two-folds of the hydrophobic FLGP and three-folds of hydrophilic FLGP based cathode, respectively. The enhanced performance could be ascribed to the well-constructed three-phase boundary in an anti-flooding cathode, leading to enlarged electrochemical active surface area and facilitated mass transfer. This work may provide new clues for improving water management in PEMFCs.     

Key technologies for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell systems fueled impure hydrogen

Hydrogen energy and polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells become concerned issues in recent years. Nevertheless, the construction of hydrogen refueling infrastructure and hydrogen storage and transportation constrains the commercial development of fuel cells. In this review, sources, production, storage, transportation, and purification methods of hydrogen are extensively reviewed and compared. The advantages of utilizing industrial by-product hydrogen and steam reforming gas in PEM fuel cell systems are analyzed. Using industrial wasted hydrogen can significantly reduce the cost of hydrogen. Also, it is indicated that the onboard hydrogen generation by steam methanol reforming can solve the difficulties of efficient storage and transportation of gaseous hydrogen, which means that methanol has great potential to be a convenient carrier of hydrogen. The effects of impurities contained in the reformate gas are generally introduced. After the methanol steam reforming and pretreatment purification processes, the reformate gas can be fed to PEM fuel cells. Thus, a fuel cell system integrated with onboard hydrogen production and impure hydrogen treatment subsystems is introduced, and key technologies therein for pretreatment purification and in-situ poisoning mitigation methods are reviewed. Finally, suggestions are proposed for further studies.     

高性能膜分离材料、膜过程强化关键技术及装备的研制与应用

针对影响和制约膜分离技术大规模推广应用的关键材料与技术瓶颈,中国科学院过程工程研究所"生化工程介质与设备"创新团队经过多年自主创新,在高性能分离膜材料、膜过程强化关键技术和高效膜分离装备等方面取得了系列科研成果,部分成果在调味品、水处理、中药等行业实现了产业化应用,创造了显著的经济效益和社会效益,为提高我国膜工业研发与应用水平,缩短我国膜分离行业与国外先进水平之间的差距,促进膜分离技术的大规模工业化应用做出了贡献。     

2018年清洁能源开发热点回眸

 2018年清洁能源领域取得了一系列激动人心的进展，提出了液态阳光的概念，不依赖p-n结的光伏转化新原理被发现以及锂硫电池步入商业化应用等。本文评述了太阳能电池、燃料电池、锂电池及生物质能源等技术在2018年的重要突破，并展望了未来清洁能源领域的发展方向。     

大鼠鞘内给药方法比较及改进

目的通过实验对比研究,介绍一种损伤少、稳定可靠、可持续性给药的鞘内给药方法。方法大鼠72只随机分为6组:4组手术处理组(经枕寰膜置管组、经枕寰膜置管+微型渗透泵组、经腰椎椎间孔置管组、经腰椎椎间孔置管+微型渗透泵组)和2组假手术对照组(经枕寰膜置管假手术组、经腰椎椎间孔置管假手术组)。置管组导管游离端固定于皮肤。观察术后大鼠体质量、致瘫、致死、脱管等一般状态,同时检测手术前后转棒持续时间、机械刺激缩足反射阈值及热刺激缩足反射潜伏期行为学变化。结果经枕寰膜置管大鼠近50%致死、致瘫、一般状态不良(体质量严重下降、口鼻炎性分泌物)。经枕寰膜置管+微型渗透泵组大鼠情况类似。经腰椎椎间孔置管组大鼠未见致死、致瘫及体质量下降,但1/3发生脱管。腰椎椎间孔置管+微型渗透泵组大鼠未见致死、致瘫及体质量下降,全部未脱管。经枕寰膜置管可致大鼠转棒运动能力显著低于术前和对照组,其热刺激缩足反射潜伏期和机械刺激缩足反射阈值均显著低于术前和对照组。经腰椎椎间孔置管对大鼠转棒运动能力和基础痛阈均无明显影响,与对照组和术前自身比较差异均无显著性。结论经腰椎椎间孔置管结合微型渗透泵方法是鞘内给药损伤少、稳定可靠的最佳方法。     

气田采出水乳化规律及其与界面张力的关系研究

为了得到不同影响因素对气田采出水乳化的作用规律，以及乳化规律与界面张力的关系，首先研究了气田采出水的矿化度和主要无机盐（CaCl₂、NaCl）浓度对其乳化规律和界面张力的影响。研究发现：静置初始乳化程度、乳化稳定性和界面张力均随矿化度或无机盐浓度的增加而逐渐降低；增加相同质量浓度的CaCl₂或NaCl时，CaCl₂对乳化程度和界面张力的影响更大。其次，通过研究不同泡排剂含量下的乳化规律，发现增加微量泡排剂就可大幅提升静置初始乳化程度和乳化稳定性：泡排剂质量分数从0仅提升至1‰，静置初始浊度即提高1倍，静置48 h后浊度的降低幅度从94%降至43%。此外，增加矿化度和泡排剂含量均会使油/水界面张力降低，不过二者对静置初始乳化程度的变化趋势影响相反，说明仅凭界面张力的变化无法判断初始乳化程度上升或下降的变化趋势。但对比不同影响因素下界面张力的变化幅度和静置初始乳化程度的变化幅度发现，在单因素实验中，当界面张力的变化幅度越大时，气田采出水静置初始乳化程度的变化幅度也越大。     

纯净空气液态煤油超声速燃烧室性能研究

液态煤油高热值、高密度,还容易储存、便于携带,在飞行Ma数小于8的飞行条件下,煤油是超燃冲压发动机的理想燃料,如何实现煤油在超声速燃烧室中稳定燃烧是关键。本文在西北工业大学电阻加热超燃冲压发动机实验台上,针对给定的燃烧室,对以航空煤油为燃料的超声速燃烧冲压发动机燃烧室性能进行初步试验研究。实验来流空气总温为870-930 K,总压保持在77 kPa左右,燃烧室进口Ma数为2。同时结合CFD模拟,对3个不同油气比下燃烧室性能参数进行了对比分析。研究结果认为:要成功地实验煤油点火并稳定燃烧,成功设计凹槽及分布位置是关键;选择合适的油气比,可在提高燃烧室性能的同时保持隔离段的抗扰动能力。