pHi regulatory ion transporters: an update on structure, regulation and cell function

Intracellular pH (pH_i) is a major regulator of various and critical cellular functions. A close regulation of pH_i is thus mandatory to maintain normal cellular activity. To this end, all cells express ion transporters that carry across their plasma membrane H⁺ or equivalent H⁺ into and out of the cell. Besides pH_i, these ion transporters are under the regulation of neurohormonal stimuli. This review summarises the molecular identity, regulation and function of the main membrane pH-regulatory ion transporters. Received 30 December 1998; received after revision 4 February 1999; accepted 9 February 1999     

The superoxide-generating NADPH oxidase: structural aspects and activation mechanism

Flavocytochrome b ₅₅₈ is the catalytic core of the respiratory-burst oxidase, an enzyme complex that catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of O₂ into the superoxide anion O₂ ^- in phagocytic cells. Flavocytochrome b ₅₅₈ is anchored in the plasma membrane. It is a heterodimer that consists of a large glycoprotein gp91phox (phox for phagocyte oxidase) (β subunit) and a small protein p22phox (α subunit). The other components of the respiratory-burst oxidase are water-soluble proteins of cytosolic origin, namely p67phox, p47phox, p40phox and Rac. Upon cell stimulation, they assemble with the membrane-bound flavocytochrome b ₅₅₈ which becomes activated and generates O₂ ^-. A defect in any of the genes encoding gp91phox, p22phox, p67phox or p47phox results in chronic granulomatous disease, a genetic disorder characterized by severe and recurrent infections, illustrating the role of O₂ ^- and the derived metabolites H₂O₂ and HOCl in host defense against invading microorganisms. The electron carriers, FAD and hemes b, and the binding site for NADPH are confined to the gp91phox subunit of flavocytochrome b ₅₅₈ . The p22phox subunit serves as a docking site for the cytosolic phox proteins. This review provides an overview of current knowledge on the structural organization of the O₂ ^--generating flavocytochrome b ₅₅₈ , its kinetics, its mechanism of activation and the regulation of its biosynthesis. Homologues of gp91phox, called Nox and Duox, are present in a large variety of non-phagocytic cells. They exhibit modest O₂ ^--generating oxidase activity, and some act as proton channels. Their role in various aspects of signal transduction is currently under investigation and is briefly discussed. Received 28 May 2002; received after revision 20 June 2002; accepted 24 June 2002     

氧自由基的分析研究进展

本文对氧自由基的分析测定方法进行了综述和评价,主要包括电子自旋共振、高效液相色谱法、分光光度法、化学发光法、荧光和电化学等方法。     

盐酸羟胺自氧化法测定SOD活性的电化学方法研究

盐酸羟胺在碱性水溶液中发生自氧化反应,可产生O2-.,其自身被氧化为亚硝酸根离子,在酸性介质中SCN-催化亚硝酸根离子与二苯胺-4-磺酸反应生成具有电活性的亚硝基化合物在-0.60V处有一波形很好的二阶导数极谱峰。在一定条件下,极谱峰电流的大小与亚硝酸根离子的浓度呈线性关系。体系中加入SOD,使生成的亚硝酸根离子的量减小。由此建立了通过检测亚硝酸根离子的生成量来测定超氧化歧化酶活性的电化学方法,测定了酶活力曲线,并研究了常见的黄酮类化合物对O2-.的清除作用。     

Comparative Study on Composite Electrodes for Medium Temperature PEFCs

1 Results The phenomena that affect the membranes could be found in the electrodes when they operate at medium temperature,due to the utilisation of Nafion as an ionomer in the catalytic layer.An approach to improve the mechanical properties of the ionomer in the catalytic layer was used: different inorganic compounds (zeolite,titania and zirconia),having different chemical-physical properties,were selected as inorganic fillers due to their water retention capacity and to act as mechanical reinforce by ...     

多步沉淀法制备纳米无机复合抗菌粉体

目的研究一种以银、钛和锡为组分的新型纳米无机复合抗菌粉体的制备工艺。方法采用多步沉淀法,并通过单因素实验和正交实验确定最优工艺条件。结果最终产品的基本化学组成式为Ag0.03Sn0.16Ti0.35P0.11O0.34;产率达95.5%;粉体平均粒径50 nm;无外加光照、粉体浓度80mg/L时,30 min内其对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和白色念珠菌的抗菌率均达100%;粉体颜色浅,耐候性好。结论该方法制备的粉体具有较强的广谱抗菌效果,解决了银系抗菌剂易变色、对真菌作用效果不佳及钛系抗菌剂必须有光照才能起作用等问题。     

仿生物矿化过程合成无机/有机复合体研究

仿生材料目前是各国科学家关注的焦点,理论与实验研究已经取得很大进展。本文主要对模仿生物矿化过程合成无机/有机复合体进行了综述。     

3a0．6Sr0．4TiO3／MgO／Mg2SiO4复相陶瓷的制备与介电可调性能

采用标准电子陶瓷工艺，制备了Ba0．6Sr0．4TiO3／MgO／Mg2SiO4复相陶瓷（MgO和Mg2SiO4按相同重量加入），研究了MgO和Mg2SiO4含量对复相陶瓷微观结构、介电性能及介电可调性的影响．结果表明，随着MgO和Mg2SiO4含量的增加，陶瓷的晶粒尺寸略有增大，低频（100kHz）介电常数、介电损耗、介电可调度和介电常数温度系数降低．随着偏置电场的增强，介电常数降低，介电损耗变化不大（均在10^-3量级）．当MaO和Mg2SiO4的百分含量均为30％时，获得了室温介电常数为101．6、介电损耗为0．0017及1．79kV／mm偏置电场下介电可调度为12．19％、介电常数温度系数为0．009℃^-1的介电性能。     

师专化学专业开设《无机选论》课的实践与探索

阐述了开设<无机选论>课的重要意义,介绍了<无机选论>课程建设的实践与体会.     

无机化学CAI课件的制作和应用

以“磷的化合物”教学为例介绍了多媒体课件的制作，并初步探讨了CAI课件在无机化学教学中的应用。