冰雪路面城市快速路跟驰模型研究

针对冰雪路面城市快速路的跟驰模型进行了研究。首先对两种常见的冰雪路面进行了交通调查。根据调查结果对不同冰雪路面城市快速路交通流的自由流速度、平均速度、速度分布,相邻跟驰车辆的车头时距、车头时距与相对速度的相互关系等微观特性进行统计分析,定量地研究不同冰雪路面形态对城市快速路跟驰行为的影响。其次,对不同类型的优化速度函数特征进行对比分析,依据Greenshields速度-密度关系建立期望车速模型,依据车辆不同跟驰状态建立冰雪路面最小安全距离模型,并由此构建冰雪路面优化速度模型。基于现有跟驰理论研究成果,以线性跟驰模型建模思想对全速度差模型进行改造,结合冰雪路面优化速度模型构建适用于冰雪路面的新跟驰模型。最后,利用实测数据对模型参数进行标定,并通过设计实验分析模型的稳定性、加速度非对称性。同时,利用调查数据对新模型和全速度差模型进行模拟分析,结果证明该模型更贴近冰雪路面城市快速路实际交通流,可以为冰雪路面下交通管理措施的制定提供理论支持。     

Climatic significance of δ18O records from precipitation on the western Tibetan Plateau

Analysis of daily precipitation samples for stable oxygen isotopes （δ^18O） collected at the Shiquanhe and Gerze （Gaize, Gertse） stations in the Ngari （Ali） region on the western Tibetan Plateau indicates that air temperature affects the δ^18O variations in precipitation at these stations. In summer, Shiquanhe and Gerze show strongly similar trends in precipitation δ^18O, especially in simultaneous precipitation events. Moreover, both stations experienced low δ^18O values in precipitation during the active monsoon period, resulting from the southwest monsoon （the summer phase of the Indian monsoon）. However, during the break monsoon period （during the summer rainy season, when the monsoon circulation is disrupted）, δ^18O values in summer precipitation remain relatively high and local moisture recycling generally controls the moisture sources. Air temperature correlations with δ^18O strengthen during the non-monsoon period （January--June, and October--December） due to continental air masses and the westerlies. In addition, evaporation also influences the δ^18O variations in precipitation. The observed temporal and spatial variations of δ^18O in precipitation on the western Tibetan Plateau and adjacent regions show that the late May and early June-the late August and early September time frame provides an important period for the transportation of moisture from various sources on the Tibetan Plateau, and that the region of the West Kunlun-Tanggula Ranges acts as a significant climatic divide on the Plateau, perhaps for all of western China.     

Chinese kangs and building energy consumption

Chinese kangs are an integrated system for cooking, sleeping and heating in rural Northern China with more than 2000 years history. In 2004 there were 67 million Chinese kangs used by 44 million rural families or 174 million people. Chinese kangs store surplus heat from stove during cooking and releases it later for both home heating and localized bed heating. Such a widely used heating system has been rarely studied. Understanding kangs is important for developing new effective home heating systems for better energy efficiency and improving indoor air quality in Northern China. In this paper, we review and present some preliminary results from our field measurement and mathematical modeling, and discuss the development of Chinese kangs as related to future energy consumption in rural homes, and building energy consumption in China in general. We suggest that transition and new technologies for rural home heating in Northern China, i.e. the future of Chinese kangs, should be considered as the top priority in managing future building energy consumption in China. Supported by the grant from the Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China (Grant No. HKU 7154/05E) and National Natural Science Foundation of China 2007 Young Researcher Award (Grant No. 50729803) The work is also a part of the International Energy Agency Annex 44 project on Integrating Environmentally Responsive Elements in Buildings.     

Effect of different atmospheres on dry friction behavior of steel sliding against brass at high speed

The atmosphere components have an influence on tribological behaviors of tribo-pairs. Through changing the atmosphere component, the effect of atmosphere component on the tribological behaviors of CrNiMo steel against brass at high sliding velocity was investigated. The wear test was carried out on a high-speed friction and wear test rig whose test atmosphere could be controlled. The tests were performed at four sliding velocities （30, 40, 50, 60 m/s）, one contact pressure （1.33 MPa） and two atmosphere components （N2 or O2）. The morphologies of the worn surfaces of various pins were observed with a scanning electron microscope. The chemical compositions of the surfaces and subsurfaces for steels were determined with an energy dispersion spectroscopy. The results showed that the wear rate of the steel pins were low all the time with the sliding velocity increasing in oxygen atmosphere, and that the wear rate of the steel pin in nitrogen atmosphere was higher than that of the steel pin in oxygen atmosphere. It was found that the thin and compact oxidation layer formed on the worn surface of the steel in oxygen atmosphere played a key role in wear resistance. However, the wear rate of the steel pin increased rapidly with the sliding velocity increasing in nitrogen atmosphere, which was attributed to the thick and loose surface layer formed on the worn surface of the steel.     

北京市区秋季边界层气溶胶水平分布特征的飞机航测研究

利用2004年9月机载PMS系统在北京地区不同天气条件下的气溶胶观测资料,分析了北京市区上空不同高度气溶胶浓度的水平分布特征,并讨论其与天气条件的关系。结果表明,在北京市区南部气溶胶浓度大于北部。逆温层、风速等天气条件对气溶胶在不同高度的分布有重要影响。     

大型舰船上子惯导速度的精确计算方法

针对大型舰船上,子惯导速度精确计算的需求,提出了利用杆臂长度、载体角速率构造主惯导在子惯导安装位置处伪速度观测量的算法.针对杆臂效应力学补偿法中需要已知杆臂长度的要求,并结合大型舰船挠曲变形带来的杆臂长度时变特点,提出将杆臂长度误差增列为系统状态向量,通过在线补偿的方法准确获取杆臂长度.仿真结果表明,杆臂长度在线补偿方法对杆臂长度的估计可以精确至厘米级,从而有效提高了伪速度观测量的精度,使得子惯导3个方向的速度均值可以精确至厘米级,均方差可精确至分米级.     

低浓度颗粒流Boltzmann方程的同伦分析方法解

同伦分析方法(homotopy analysis method, HAM)是求解强非线性问题的有力手段. 针对颗粒流的动理学理论中的非线性微分积分方程——?Boltzmann方程, 采用 HAM方法选取局域Maxwell速度分布函数作为初始猜测解, 得到了低浓度颗粒流的Boltzmann方程的一阶近似解, 与传统的Chapman-Enskog方法得到的一阶近似解表达式的结构一致, 初步显示了HAM方法求解Boltzmann方程的有效性, 为一般Boltzmann方程的HAM方法求解奠定了基础.     

ABS控制过程中制动压力增长速率试验研究

研究制动压力增长速率对制动防抱死系统(ABS)控制效果的影响.采用PWM控制方法,在制动压力增长过程中,通过改变占空比达到改变制动压力增长速率的目的.提出了偏离度的概念.研究表明,使偏离度最小化的占空比能使制动压力增长速率达到最优,该方法显著提高了ABS控制效果.     

细纱机吸棉风机节能改进设计

针对目前棉纺细纱机吸棉形式,提出新的节能方法,降低能耗。     

Solar air conditioning researches and demonstrations in China

This paper mainly shows the demonstration of solar air conditioning systems in China, which includes LiBr-H2O absorption cooling, silica gel-water adsorption chiller, desiccant cooling and hybrid integrated energy systems for buildings. The match of solar collector types and chiller types have been discussed and suggested.