降雨入渗对含软弱夹层堆积体滑坡的模型试验

为揭示降雨入渗对含软弱夹层堆积体边坡稳定性的影响,通过固定式双渗透降雨物理模拟技术和光纤光栅传感器技术,对4种坡角的软弱夹层顺层堆积体开展了降雨物理模拟试验,测量了降雨过程中滑坡体内关键位置的位移及力学参数变化情况。结果表明,在相同降雨情况下,不同坡度的堆积体斜坡在位移和力学变化上具有相似性,降雨前后坡体的位移、土压力和水压力变化经历上升-下降两个阶段,软弱夹层位移在降雨后仍然保持蠕变;坡角越平缓的坡体后缘位移量大于坡体较陡的斜坡,而坡体前缘则反之;坡角为平缓的坡体后缘先开始形成拉裂缝,变形破坏具有渐进性、推动式的特点;而坡度越陡的坡体前缘率先破坏,变形具有突变性、牵引式特点,为滑坡防治提供了新的试验方法和手段。     

非饱和渗透深度数值模拟

由于无时间差分法计算得出的非饱和渗透深度公式繁琐复杂,采用近似渗透解理论,通过最小二乘法理论及相应的计算机程序模拟计算湿度系数f1和f2与湿度θ的关系,得出了相关度较高的非饱和土渗透深度模拟公式,从而使计算工作更加快捷,方便工程技术人员运用.另外,自制了易操作的非饱和瞬态渗流试验装置.以粘土为例,测定了渗透深度随时间的变化值,绘制了渗透深度与湿度的关系曲线,同时,通过试验数据验证了非饱和土渗透深度模拟公式的合理可行性.     

雨强与地形(上缓下陡)对坡面入渗影响的初步研究

坡面泥石流及浅层滑坡的发生与雨水的渗透密切相关,而雨水的渗透由斜坡坡度、雨强、土体性质等因素控制。在室内模拟人工降雨条件下,进行雨强与地形对雨水入渗的试验研究。通过控制单一变量进行试验,利用坡面产流所需时间和孔压两项指标揭示出:产流历时与斜坡坡度、雨强呈反比;并且与雨强呈指数函数关系。竖直方向上孔压从上到下随着湿润锋的下移依次增大。水分在土体中运移的过程中部分细颗粒随之发生移动,使得土体局部结构和孔隙贯通性发生改变,引起孔压发生波动性变化。     

Validation of three infiltration models on purple soil under simulated rainfall

So as to find models suitable for the prediction of water infiltration in purple soil, infiltration rates simulated by three popular empirical infiltration models, Horton model, Kostiakov model, and the modified Kostiakov model, were compared by using those observed results on slope in purple soil under rainfall simulation. 28 sets of infiltration data were divided into two parts for parameter estimation and validation independently. The performance of the three infiltration models was evaluated with the Nash and Sutcliffe efficiency criterion. The results show that the percent for Nash and Sutcliffe efficiency greater than 0.7 is about 69.7% for the Horton model, and 48.48%, and 54.55% for the Kostiakov model and the modified Kostiakov model, respectively. Horton model is better than Kostiakov model and the modified Kostiakov model in most rain events in the field. However, Kostiakov model is still suitable for reasonable prediction of the infiltration in purple soil sloping farmland because fewer parameters are needed. Furthermore, rainfall intensity has significant effects on the parameter values used in the simulation models. The simulation results can be improved by choosing suitable parameters according to the rainfall intensity.     

地震和降雨条件下黄土高填方边坡稳定性分析

针对地震和降雨会影响黄土高填方边坡稳定性的问题,采用地震动力计算、完全流固耦合计算和强度折减计算,对正在使用的黄土高填方边坡进行分析,并对边坡土体位移时程、加速度功率频谱、吸力、有效应力和最小安全性系数进行分析,研究地震和降雨入渗条件对正在使用的黄土高填方边坡稳定性的影响.结果表明：地震作用对黄土高填方边坡表层土体作用大于填方基底土体作用;降雨入渗对边坡土体的影响范围为表层土体和浅层土体;降雨入渗使得边坡表层土体的吸力和有效应力减小,而使浅层土体局部吸力增大;降雨过程中边坡表层土体有效应力减小,浅层土体有效应力先增加后逐渐减小;地震后降雨入渗引起边坡最危险滑移面区域发生改变,降雨速率和降雨持续时间均对最小安全性系数有影响,降雨结束后边坡最小安全性系数降低.该研究为三维条件下地震和降雨入渗对正在使用的黄土高填方边坡稳定性研究提供参考.     

长治市长子县土壤入渗特性的试验研究

在长子县10个有代表性的村庄进行了大田土壤入渗试验。采取室内室外试验相结合的方法,测量了5种状态下的土壤入渗能力及土壤含水量,借助数理统计方法系统地研究和分析了土壤水分入渗特性的变化过程和影响土壤水分入渗特性的各种因素。     

降雨条件下城墙土水特性与稳定性研究

降雨入渗会影响城墙稳定性,最终导致城墙失稳坍塌。文中以城墙为研究对象,通过试验得到了土体的物理力学特性和非饱和特性,以试验数据为基础得到了以含水率为变量的抗剪强度公式,基于Bishop法得到安全系数的表达式。对不同工况下城墙边坡进行渗流场有限元分析与稳定性评价,并对梅雨季城墙稳定性变化及孔隙水压力分布进行分析。结果表明,随着降雨的不断进行,孔隙水压力逐渐增大,表层土体开始饱和,前期入渗深度不断增加,后期地下水位上升。梅雨季城墙稳定性持续下降,受降雨总量和降雨时长影响较大。研究成果可为区域典型气候条件下的该地区城墙修缮等工程的设计与施工提供理论参考。     

化学教育向文科专业渗透的探索

根据近来对文科专业开出“化学与社会”选修课的教学实践，提出了化学教育应向文科专业渗透的看法，这是化学教育值得重视的一个发展方向。     

土壤水分入渗年变化特性的试验研究

以大田玉米地的土壤水分入渗跟踪试验为依据，分析讨论了土壤水分入渗的年变化特性，结果表明，给定土壤质地，土壤结构由疏松变密实，土壤水分入渗能力逐渐减小，土壤含水率的变化引起土壤水分入渗能力上下变幅。研究结论对于节水灌溉的灌水技术参数的确定和灌水效果的研究具有理论意义，对灌溉的用水管理具有实际意义。     

Research of Copper Foam Prepared by Forming-Knitting and Infiltration

Using forming-knitting technology and organic materials, copper foam with high porosity (>80%) and open-pore structure was successfully prepared. According to the method of immersion, the technical characteristics of metal paste performance and influence factors of sinter process were discussed. The pore morphology and compressibility of copper foam were detected simultaneously, and the structural property of copper foam prepared by the process of once-infiltrating was compared with the one of copper foam prepared by the process of twice-infiltrating. The results show that pH value of metal paste has a large influence on rheological properties of slurry. By twice-infiltrating process, the microstructure of copper foam was altered. In case of the porosity dropping indistinctly, the compression stress of copper foam platform was raised from 0.5 MPa to 1 Mpa which was of great significance to improve the energy absorption capacity of the material.