Approaches to prediction of impact of Qinghai-Tibet Railway construction on alpine ecosystems alongside and its recovery

With the aid of the Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) technology, the ecosystem pattern and fragility distribution maps of the 50-km-wide zone along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway were compiled and by using the superimposition method, range, area and indexes of the impact of various engineering activities on the ecosystems alongside the railway were studied. By making reference to the ecosystem recovery process of the Qinghai-Tibet Highway, mechanisms of recovery of the alpine ecosystems alongside the Qinghai-Tibet Railway were studied and extents and rates of the recovery were predicted.The results indicate that the impact of the railway engineering on the Alpine ecosystem depends mainly on how much the original surface soil in the zone has been disturbed and how fragile of the ecosystem per se. Restoration of vegetation coverage and species abundance shows a significantly reverse relationship with disturbance of the original surface soil but an extremely positive one with the length of the restoration period and mean annual precipitation and annual mean relative humidity in the period and no obvious bearings with altitude and temperature. In sections with an annual precipitation over 200mm, as long as a certain percentage of original soil is left in situ, it takes only 30 years or so for biodiversity to get basically restored to the original level after the construction is completed but at least 45-60 years or more for vegetation coverage.     

PP/EPDM-g-GMA共混物的形态结构和力学性能

在转矩流变仪中通过熔融接枝反应制备了EPDM-g-GMA，将其与聚丙烯(PP)在双螺杆挤出机中熔融共混，用化学滴定法测定EPDM—g—GMA的接枝率，用红外光谱对接枝物进行表征，用SEM观察共混物的形态，通过对PP／EPDM-g-GMA共混物的形态结构和力学性能的研究发现，随着EPDM—g—GMA的含量或温度的增加，PP／EPDM-g-GMA共混物的缺口冲击强度相应提高，而拉伸强度降低，断裂伸长率相应增加。     

一种改进的非线性铣削力建模与仿真

综合考虑再生振动效应和刀具偏心模型对动态铣削加工过程的影响．改进并建立具有较高预测精度的非线性圆周铣削力数学模型和铣削加工过程闭环控制系统．通过对比铣削动力学实验数据和计算机仿真结果验证了该模型的有效性和预测能力．     

叠层板型燃料堆芯元件模型的临界流速与失稳挠曲线分析

对一个叠层板型堆芯元件实验模型的临界流速进行了理论及数值分析，将该结构视为多层平行梁与整体单梁的对接问题．根据梁的挠曲线方程及对接处的连续性条件和平衡条件，建立了临界流速和失稳挠曲线方程系数的特征方程，并采用隐式迭代法对其进行数值求解．     

泡沫铝基高分子复合材料制备及其性能

为了提高泡沫铝基高分子复合材料的机械性能，通过向泡沫铝孔洞中浸渗入高分子材料的方法制备了四种泡沫铝基复合材料，并对其压缩、抗冲击和阻尼等性能进行了实验研究。实验结果与所预测的结果相一致，即制备的泡沫铝基高分子复合材料的如上三性能均较其复合相得以提高．研究结果既寻求到一种制备功能结构一体化材料的新途径，又有助于促进泡沫铝应用范围的扩展。     

The Application of Similarity Theory in Designing Large Deflection Buckling Spring-Piece

Large Deflection Buckling Spring-Piece (LDBSP) refers to the deformation of an end-fixed flat spring-piece under normal loadings. Plastic deformation usually appears in LDBSP.The static characteristic curve is very particular, because within its linear deflection region, the spring constant can be designed to be any value from minus to plus. With its obvious advantages of large liner deflection range, low spring constant, etc., the LDBSP has now been extensively applied to the exciting device, low-frequency shock absorbers and so on. The static characteristic curve of LDBSP belongs to the nonlinear problem of an arch with varying section. Therefore, it is difficult to obtain it theoretically. The formulae for designing LDBSP have not been set up yet. In this study,the authors apply similarity theory to analyze the liner deflection range A and the spring constant K, and derive the relationship of similarity criterion, finally obtain a set of formulae for designing LDBSP by model test and the least square method, which can be applied in engineering design.Through the research, it is proved that it is unnecessary to keep geometrical similarity of spring-piece shape. This fact extends the application scope of the formulae. The proposed formulae for designing LDBSP thereby can be applied for any dimensions within the range allowed.     

几何因素对轿车外覆盖件面畸变的影响

为研究轿车外覆盖件面畸变的几何影响因素及其规律,设计了尖角形台阶面结构型面,并建立与验证了准确仿真模型,采用试验分析和有限元仿真相结合的方法研究了几何尺寸因素对外覆盖件面畸变程度的影响.结果表明,几何尺寸因素会严重影响尖角形台阶面结构型面的面畸变程度,影响因素包括尖角角度、尖角处圆角半径、台阶面深度与尖角台阶处的上下圆角半径;而且各几何因素对面畸变程度的影响呈现出不同的规律.通过正交试验法研究发现,面畸变程度对台阶面深度和尖角处圆角半径的变化最敏感.这些研究结果可以从零部件几何尺寸优化设计的角度对面畸变的控制起参考作用.     

球状飞射物对屋面瓦片冲击效应的数值模拟

选取典型的球状混凝土飞射物,研究其对一种典型屋面陶土瓦片的冲击破坏作用.基于ANSYS/LS-DYNA平台,参考落球冲击试验方法建立冲击碰撞的有限元计算模型.选取Johnson-Holmquist-Ceramic本构模型模拟陶土瓦片材料,引入单元应变失效准则模拟瓦片破坏情况,采用显式动力学方法研究落球冲击试验中瓦片应力、应变、变形的时变机理.对冲击速度、球块质量、瓦片倾角进行参数分析,结果表明,瓦片最大等效应力与冲击速率及球块质量大致成正比,与瓦片倾角相关性不大.冲击过程是一个能量显著转移的过程,根据损伤方程计算出陶土瓦片能承受不超过34.35m·s~(-1)的来流风速下球状混凝土飞射物的冲击破坏作用.     

高精度数字梯度敏感法测量PMMA板的转角场

用数字梯度敏感法(DGS)测量聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)板的应力梯度(偏转角)。首先,利用数字图像相关方法(DIC)测量了PMMA板在三点弯曲作用下应力集中区域的全场位移,再根据光弹效应建立PMMA板的应力梯度与光线穿过透明件后的偏转角之间的关系,得到PMMA板的转角场。将直接测得的转角场与解析值进行对比,发现存在误差。这是由于试验中不可避免地存在面内刚体平移及离面位移,导致试验中得到的转角场产生误差。通过补偿区域法消除上述影响因素,并讨论了面内刚体平移和离面位移对试验的影响。最后,与解析值对比,结果表明,通过补偿区域法降低了测量误差,得到高精度的转角场。x和y方向转角场的平均相对误差分别为4.90%和5.89%。     

川渝地区雾霾时空分布特征及影响因子分析

利用1981-2014年川渝地面气象观测资料,分析了川渝地区雾霾的时空分布特征及影响因子,结果表明:川渝地区雾日变化总体呈下降趋势,两种雾日观测资料的倾向率分别为-6d/10a和-8.2d/10a,研究时段内未出现突变点,80年代到90年代初,雾日变化周期以2~4a为主,21世纪后以8~10a为主.霾日总体趋势与雾日变化相反,呈上升趋势,倾向率为8.2d/10a,1997年开始发生突变,90年代变化周期以2~4a为主,2000年后4~10a周期变化较显著.在对雾霾与风速和空气相对湿度的关系讨论中发现,整个川渝地区雾与风速的变化趋势一致,与相对湿度呈正相关;霾与风速的变化趋势相反,与相对湿度呈负相关.