基于水动力特性的河道景观设计方法

针对以往河道综合治理过程中水利设计和景观设计缺乏融合性的特点,分析了不同水文条件下河道水动力特性对景观设计的控制性指标要求;研究了基于丰、枯水期水位变化的滨河造景对策;指出水动力特性对护岸形式选择的影响;论述了不同水深下水生植物适宜品种及营造手法;提出河道水动力特性及景观要求双重作用下河道断面的优化策略.对于河道综合治理工程的优化设计有重要参考和应用价值.     

Numerical simulation of acoustic wake effect in acoustic agglomeration under Oseen flow condition

We numerically simulate the hydrodynamic interaction of aerosol particles due to the acoustic wake effect under the Oseen flow condition.Attraction is found for two nearby particles with an orientation angle of 0 to 50° with respect to the acoustic field,and weak repulsion is found outside this range.Good agreement is obtained between the numerical results and experiments in the literature.We study the influence of particle size,sound wave frequency and the particle separation.The result shows that the acoustic wake effect plays a significant role in acoustic agglomeration.It could be either the major agglomeration mechanism of monodisperse aerosols or the major refill mechanism for polydisperse aerosols to supplement orthokinetic interaction.     

Hydrodynamic process of Tibetan Plateau lake revealed by grain size: Case study of Pumayum Co

Under the background of global warming,some lakes on the Tibetan Plateau(TP) are potentially sensitive to temperature change.With a case study of Pumayum Co,where glacier meltwater is important to supply(we call this a glacier-fed lake hereafter),we analyze the sensitivity of lake sediment grain size to temperature change.This is done by resolving the modern hydrodynamic process,coupled with comparison of paleoclimatic proxies.According to the spatial distributions of parameters,percentage of grain size and the grain size frequency distribution curve,hydrodynamic processes are analyzed.Five clastic sedimentation types are thereby discriminated.In the open lake area,suspended load transport is the main transport agent.Grain Size Trend Analysis(GSTA),a sediment dynamics model,reveals a trend toward eastward transport.This indicates that the largest and glacier-fed river,the Jiaqu River,influences the entire lake(not just the subsurface alluvial fan),and that lake sediment grain size may serve as a temperature indicator.Time series comparison between grain size of a short core from the central lake and meteorological data confirms this temperature indication,which in turn shows reliability of the method discriminating the hydrodynamic process.This case study will improve the ability of paleoclimatic reconstruction using lake sediment in glacier-fed lakes on the Tibetan Plateau.     

艇桨及外挂吊舱之间水动力性能干扰分析

基于CFD技术,采用RNGk-ε湍流模型及混合网格技术,数值模拟了某潜器孤立艇体、孤立螺旋桨、艇体吊舱模型、艇桨模型以及艇桨吊舱模型的水动力性能.分析了艇体、螺旋桨以及吊舱之间的相互干扰.计算结果显示:吊舱对艇体阻力和螺旋桨推力干扰较小;直航时,由于吊舱的存在,艇体吊舱模型产生了纵倾力矩以及升力,艇体阻力略有减小;艇桨干扰对艇体表面压力分布影响较大,以1.5m/s匀速航行时,由于螺旋桨的存在,艇桨模型中艇体总阻力增加18.03%,艇桨吊舱模型中潜器(艇体和吊舱)总阻力增加17.63%.     

导管架下水参数计算程序设计

在二维分析的基础上．用解析的方法完善了导管架下水参数计算力学模型;将迭代方法和预估-校正方法相结合求解方程．减小了计算过程中某些输入数据对试验的依靠以及计算结果与实际的误差．该程序提供接口．使得应用程序能够直接利用如ANSYS等应用程序形成的导管架和船体的结构数据文件．避免重复劳动．实例证明,此计算程序方便快捷,计算结果更接近于实际．     

单原子Co修饰TiO2(101)面的结构和析氢性能的第一性原理研究

通过基于密度泛函理论（DFT）+U的第一性原理方法研究了单原子Co在TiO₂（101）面的掺杂位置和方式、几何结构和整体能量以及掺杂后产物的制氢反应机制，得到了稳定且易出现的单原子修饰结构，即单原子Co吸附在4个O组成的表面空隙的中心位，记为Co/TiO₂（101）。进一步对Co/TiO₂（101）的析氢反应过程和性能进行研究，确定了当且仅当TiO₂（101）面完成表面羟基化反应后，H原子全覆盖的TiO₂（101）表面才能进行后续的析氢反应；此时单原子Co是唯一的反应位点，整体的制氢反应自由能ΔG_H*比Co（111）面更加趋近于0，显示出其具有远优于金属Co的催化性能。此外，Co和TiO₂间的电荷转移和相互作用使TiO₂带隙出现新的掺杂能级，可带来作为光催化基材的TiO₂光吸收性能的改善。     

均匀带电圆环片的空间电场计算

利用均匀带电圆环片电场的轴对称性,联合运用静电场的高斯定理和安培环路定理,以轴线上的场强值为初值,通过反复迭代的方式巧妙地导出了均匀带电圆环片空间电场的无穷级数表达式.     

渗流切向水流耦合作用下多孔介质水动力试验

研制专门的渗流-切向水流耦合作用实验装置,对均匀球体构成的多孔介质进行了法向渗流作用下表层孔隙水动力试验,探讨了水深和渗流强度对多孔介质孔隙内水动力的影响,试验结果表明,孔隙中动水压力与紊动强度远小于顶层球体以上的主流区;渗流强度与孔隙内水体渗出速率呈正相关关系;孔隙内紊动强度、动水压力随孔隙所在深度的增大而逐渐降低,且降低幅度逐层减小;渗流条件对相同位置孔隙的侧向动水压力的影响不显著.     

超高速碰撞电磁效应数值模拟

采用理论分析和数值模拟结合的方法对超高速碰撞产生等离子体问题进行研究. 通过SPH方法,建立二维轴对称模型,针对不同碰撞速度进行数值模拟,对比不同时刻碎片云的形状以及膨胀速度,验证数值模拟的正确性;利用Thomas-Fermi模型,计算超高速碰撞过程中SPH粒子的温度,对于发生汽化的部分考虑其产生的等离子体参数;以统计物理学为基础,基于化学反应动力学原理,建立了非热平衡等离子体电子数密度、电子温度、宏观温度以及内能之间的关系,用以计算超高速碰撞过程中产生等离子体的参数. 给出不同时刻碰撞产生的总电荷数随时间的变化,将数值模拟结果与文献中经验公式结果进行对比,验证了本文中计算超高速碰撞产生等离子体方法的正确性.     

Computational thermodynamics,computational kinetics,and materials design

Computational thermodynamics, known as CALPHAD method when dawned in 1950s, aimed at cou- pling phase diagrams with thermochemistry by computa- tional techniques. It eventually evolves toward kinetic simulations integrated with thermodynamic calculations, i.e., computational kinetics, including diffusion-controlled phase transformation, precipitation simulation, and phase- field simulation. In the meantime, thermodynamic, mobility, and physical property databases for multi-component and multi-phase materials, served as basic knowledge for materials design, are critically evaluated by CALPHAD approach combining key experiments, first-principles cal- culations, statistic methods, and empirical theories. The combination of these computational techniques with their conjugated databases makes it possible to simulate phase transformations and predict the microstructure evolution in real materials in a foreseeable future. Further links to micro- and macro-scale simulations lead to a multi-scale compu- tational framework, and aid the search for the quantitative relations among chemistry, process, microstructures, and materials properties in order to accelerate materials devel- opment and deployment. This is a new route of materials and process design pursued by Integrated Computational Materials Engineering （ICME） and Materials Genome Ini- tiative （MGI）. This article presents a review on the basic theories and applications, the state of the art and perspective of computational thermodynamics and kinetics.