Heavy metal accumulation by bacteria and other microorganisms

Summary Bacteria, and other microorganisms, exhibit a number of metabolism-dependent and-independent processes or the uptake and accumulation of heavy metals and radionuclides. The removal of such harmful substances from effluents and waste waters by microbe-based technologies may provide an alternative or additional means of metal/radionuclide recovery for economic reasons and/or environmental protection. Both living and dead cells as well as products derived from or produced by microorganisms can be effective metal accumulators and there is evidence that some biomass-based clean-up processes are economically viable. However, many aspects of metal-microbe interactions remain unexploited in biotechnology and further development and application is necessary, particularly to the problem of radionuclide release into the environment.     

食醋对15种病原菌最低抑菌浓度测定

采用微量稀释法，检测食醋对１５种常见病原菌的最低抑菌家度。结果表明：浓度为１：２０食醋（ＰＨ＝４．４２）对金黄色葡萄球菌、白色念珠菌有抑制作用；浓度为１：４０食醋（ＰＨ＝４．８１）对大肠大杆菌、蜡样芽胞杆菌、粪肠球菌、阴沟肠杆菌有抑制作用；浓度为１：８０食醋（ＰＨ＝５．３８）对伤寒沙门氏菌等８种细菌有抑制作用。食醋对１５种病原菌的最低抑菌浓度为１：２０－１：８０，即ＰＨ值为４．４２－５．３８。     

魔芋内生细菌抗软腐病菌株筛选

通过组织分离法从魔芋块茎中分离得到内生细菌,用牛津杯法皿内测试内生细菌对魔芋软腐病菌的拮抗作用,以筛选拮抗软腐病菌能力强的菌株。结果显示从魔芋块茎中分离得到35株内生细菌,35株内生细菌对魔芋软腐病菌均有不同程度的拮抗活性,不同菌株间拮抗活性存在显著差异。初筛中,对软腐病菌相对抑制率(RIR)达到50%以上的内生细菌有17株,100%的有11株。复筛中RIR为100%的内生细菌有8株,其中7株胞外产物的RIR超过了150%。     

红豆杉内生细菌的分离及促生效应

从健康红豆杉根、茎、叶组织中分离出31株内生细菌,对其有益生物学特性进行评价.结果显示:31株菌均能合成植物生长素IAA.其中,HG12,HY23,HY24,HY41具有溶磷特性,有13株菌表现出不同程度的固氮和合成铁体的活性;将HG12,HY23混合培养,发现菌株合成IAA能力下降,其他生物活性则变化不大.经16S r DNA测序分析可知,HG12属于西地西菌属(Cedecea sp.),HY23属于伊查德布丘氏菌属(Buttiauxella izardii).     

东海岛北寮高位虾池养殖过程细菌数量变化及其对抗生素的耐药性

采用平板计数法研究了湛江东海岛北寮村3个高位虾池养殖过程水体和沉积物的可培养细菌与弧菌(Vibrio)的数量变化,并利用纸片扩散法测定了分离自虾场环境细菌对12种抗生素的耐药性.结果表明,调查的养殖过程中,2个虾池水体细菌与弧菌数量变化呈单峰趋势,9月份达到峰值;虾池沉积物以及水源地中细菌与弧菌数量变化无明显的规律.BL1样池沉积物细菌和弧菌数均与氨氮呈显著正相关(p0.05),水中的弧菌数与硝酸盐氮呈显著正相关(p0.05);虾池细菌、弧菌数与多数调查的生态因子之间相关性不显著(p0.05).虾场环境细菌的抗生素耐药性测定结果显示,分离菌株对12种抗生素的耐药性差异显著(p0.05),细菌对氨苄青霉素耐药性最高,在对照水源地沉积物中高达80.65%,其次为先锋Ⅴ和甲氧苄胺嘧啶,而对左氟沙星、环丙沙星、多黏菌素B均敏感;样地水体和沉积物细菌对抗生素表现出相似的耐药性谱,两者的细菌耐药性呈显著正相关(p0.05);养殖虾池与对照水源地的细菌耐药性差异不显著(p0.05);对照水源地BL4沉积物中细菌耐药性显著高于水体(p0.05);3个样地细菌对抗生素均表现出较高的多重耐药性(MAR).     

拮抗烟草疫霉菌的趋化性内生细菌筛选及其对烟草黑胫病的防效

以烟草疫霉菌为靶标，从3 000株烟草叶片内生细菌中筛选出拮抗菌483株，抑菌率在9.55%～55.96%之间.从这483株拮抗菌中筛选出11株趋化性内生生防细菌，鉴定为Brevibacillus brevis、Br.parabrevis、Br. formosus、Br. reuszeri、Pseudomonas aeruginosa、Ps. tremae、Ps. umsongensis和Erwinia rhapontici.温室试验结果显示，Br. brevis Hs8-19,Br. brevis Hs8-13和Ps. tremae Ht3-25单独使用时，对烟草黑胫病的防效分别为62.43%、57.67%和53.43%.当在菌液中添加终浓度为40μmol/L尼古丁时，Br. brevis Hs8-19,Br. brevis Hs8-13和Ps. tremae Ht3-25对烟草黑胫病的防效分别增加了6.11%、4.79%和4.72%.     

醋酸菌液态发酵产酸的研究

通过正交试验探讨了醋酸菌液态发酵产酸的最佳配方及工艺。     

Bacterial nonspecific acid phosphohydrolases: physiology, evolution and use as tools in microbial biotechnology

Bacterial nonspecific acid phosphohydrolases (NSAPs) are secreted enzymes, produced as soluble periplasmic proteins or as membrane-bound lipoproteins, that are usually able to dephosphorylate a broad array of structurally unrelated substrates and exhibit optimal catalytic activity at acidic to neutral pH values. Bacterial NSAPs are monomeric or oligomeric proteins containing polypeptide components with an M _r of 25 – 30 kDa. On the basis of amino acid sequence relatedness, three different molecular families of NSAPs can be distinguished, indicated as molecular class A, B and C, respectively. Members of each class share some common biophysical and functional features, but may also exhibit functional differences. NSAPs have been detected in several microbial taxa, and enzymes of different classes can be produced by the same bacterial species. Structural and phyletic relationships exist among the various bacterial NSAPs and some other bacterial and eucaryotic phosphohydrolases. Current knowledge on bacterial NSAPs is reviewed, together with analytical tools that may be useful for their characterization. An overview is also presented concerning the use of bacterial NSAPs in biotechnology. Received 21 November 1997; received after revision 10 March 1998; accepted 10 March 1998     

用药的误区及其理论分析

使用药物是我们日常生活的一个重要部分。但是，人们对药物的使用普遍存在着误区，这些误区导致临床上产生许多药源性的疾病和不可逆的脏器损害。此文章通过对这些误区的分析，给人们正确、合理使用药物提供科学的理论依据。     

中华绒螯蟹Eriocheir sinensis幼体丝状细菌的扫描电镜观察

应用扫描电间对中华绒螯蟹幼体附着的丝状细菌进行了详细的观察，结果表明，丝状细菌只附生于幼体表面，没有明显伸入体内的结构，丝状细菌行裂殖生殖，生长繁殖所需营养直接摄取自水环境，并对其危害性以及防治等方面进行了探讨。