Applications of membrane distillation technology in energy transformation process-basis and prospect

Membrane distillation technology is a new type of efficient separation technology that combines traditional distillation technology and membrane separation technology. In the study, applications of membrane distillation technology in thermal engineering and refrigerating engineering with typical energy transformation process were presented. Desorption and regeneration process of saline solution by vacuum membrane distillation was proposed on the basis of the concentration and separation properties of membrane distillation. Membrane distillation technology could be used in lithium bromide absorption refrigeration system, energy storage system, and the regeneration process of liquid desiccant solution in temperature-humidity independent control air-conditioning system. The aim of the applications was to use the low-grade energy such as waste heat, solar energy and geothermal energy adequately and to improve the available temperature difference of heat source. According to latent heat transfer and thermal conduction across the membrane in direct contact membrane distillation process, a novel membrane heat exchanger with both heat transfer and mass transfer processes was proposed. The heat exchanger could be used as the solution heat exchanger of lithium bromide absorption refrigeration system and as the special heat exchanger that recovered heat and pure water simultaneously. Some feasible process flows about the applications of membrane distillation technology to energy transformation process were listed and analyzed. Finally, future research emphases were indicated.     

Entropy generation extremum and entransy dissipation extremum for heat exchanger optimization

The applicability of the extremum principles of entropy generation and entransy dissipation is studied for heat exchanger optimization. The extremum principle of entransy dissipation gives better optimization results when heat exchanger is only for the purpose of heating and cooling, while the extremum principle of entropy generation is better for the heat exchanger optimization when it works in the Brayton cycle. The two optimization principles are approximately equivalent when the temperature drops of the streams in a heat exchanger are small. Supported by Major State Basic Research Development Program of China (Grant No. 2007CB206901)     

Field synergy principle of heat and mass transfer

Simultaneous heat and mass transfer widely exists in nature and engineering, and it is of vital importance to enhance heat and mass transfer efficiency. In this paper, field synergy equation of heat and mass transfer is derived from its energy equation. Results show that the total transferred heat （including the conducted heat and the heat transferred by mass diffusion through the heat transfer interface） is determined by the values of fluid velocity and enthalpy gradient as well as the value of synergy angle α of velocity vector and enthalpy gradient field. Decreasing the value of α enhances the heat and mass transfer. This means the higher the synergy of velocity vector and enthalpy gradient field, the higher the total transferred heat. By the synergy principle of heat and mass transfer, some methods may be developed to improve the heat and mass transfer efficiency.     

N5H5的结构性能的量子化学研究

采用了密度泛函B3LYP方法在6-311++G**基组上对N5H5异构体进行了理论计算,得到7种稳定构型,应用自然键轨道理论(NBO)和分子中的原子理论(AIM)分析了这些异构体的成键特征、相对稳定性. N-N键的键长与键临界点的电荷密度存在线性关系,键临界点的电荷密度ρ越大,N-N键的键长就越短. N原子孤对电子与相邻的氮氮键之间的相互作用是影响氮氮键长变化的主要因素. 立体交换排斥能和离域化能是影响异构体相对稳定性的重要因素. G3MP2计算结果表明所有异构体的生成热均为正,环状异构体的能量和生成热高     

一种城市热岛强度的计算方法——以合肥市为例

城市热岛是指城市化过程中城区高空以及近地面大气温度高于城区以外郊区的现象。城市热岛强度是城市热场分布的重要表达手段,目前,对专门研究城市热岛强度的计算方法讨论较少。本文利用Landsat5数据,基于遥感相关理论,以合肥市为例,反演出城市地表亮温,同时引入城市形态分维理论,使用改进的半径法对合肥市的城市热场状况进行研究,发现亮温的水平分布在城市建成区与非城市建成区间有突变现象,并以此分析城市热力场的空间分布,得到热岛强度计算公式,从而得出城市热岛强度的表达方式。在城市热岛强度计算过程中,着重考虑了城市热场分布特征,克服了在研究城市热岛时寻找郊区气温值的困惑,这对于城市热岛强度的表达研究具有一定的指导意义。     

杭州湾地区生态-气候监测预警系统及其应用

基于3S技术、中尺度模式及动态植被模式建立了生态-气候监测预警系统,其中包括4个子系统:土地覆盖动态监测系统、城市热岛动态监测系统、城市气候监测系统和植被NPP模拟与监测系统.利用土地覆盖监测系统可以精确地获取各种土地覆盖类型,并分析土地利用覆盖变化;利用土地覆盖监测系统结果、Landsat-TM红外影像及常规气象资料构建城市热岛监测系统,分析该地区城市热岛效应的时空变化:利用土地覆盖分类结果,对改变下垫面进行敏感性试验,模拟城市发展对城市气候的影响,构建城市气候监测系统:利用LPJ模拟杭州湾地区植被NPP及对气候变化的响应,构建植被NPP模拟与监测系统.生态预警系统可以实时监测土地覆盖、城市热岛、城市气候、植被NPP变化.对保护耕地资源、改善生态环境、提高城市人居环境、合理利用气候资源、保持农林业的可持续发展有着重要的指导和现实意义.     

泡沫金属的热分析

提出了一种高孔隙率开孔泡沫金属的结构简化几何模型,运用热电比拟理论在胞孔尺度上分析并求解了有效热导率的计算表达式,并根据已有实验数据进行模型修正.同时模拟分析了金属泡沫三维矩形通道内空气流动的对流换热情况,与实验结果进行了对比验证.研究表明,本文提出的胞孔有效热导率修正模型对铝泡沫金属有一定的适用性;相同孔隙率条件下,泡沫金属通道内强制对流的对流换热系数随孔密度的增加(即孔径的减小)而增大,但付出的代价是阻力也随之增大;相对而言,低孔密度的泡沫金属具有较好的对流换热综合性能.     

微胶囊流体脉动热管的热输送特性

本文采用外径为2.5mm,内径为1.3mm的铜管,做成四环脉动热管,在不同工质（3％的FS-39E型微胶囊流体、乙醇、水、）、不同充液率（40％～80％）的条件下进行对比实验,探讨了工质和充液率对脉动热管热输送性能的影响。结果发现：与乙醇、水对比,微胶囊流体具有较宽的工作范围,尤其在高充液率的条件下,表现出良好的启动性能和热输送性能。     

板式蒸发式冷凝器传热传质的数值模拟

基于VOF算法,建立了板式蒸发式冷凝器气-液两相降膜流动传热传质的计算模型,该模型考虑了表面张力动量源项和气-液相间传热传质源项．并利用该模型,定量分析了不同壁面热流密度、液相进口温度和空气速度下竖直板面的温度分布、气-液界面处潜热和显热换热量的相对关系．计算结果显示,液膜和空气内温度随壁面热流密度的增大而增大,在气液界面处,温度梯度存在不连续;气-液相界面处的换热主要形式为水蒸发传质引起的潜热换热为主、空气显热传热为辅,并且传热热阻主要集中于水膜内;并且随风速的增加,相间传质量也随之增大．     

COREX工艺系统模拟的数学模型

对COREX工艺进行系统模拟,不仅为进一步开发该工艺提供信息预测服务,而且为实际生产中其工艺控制系统的设计奠定基础。在对各反应器内化学反应和热交换作必要假设的基础上,分别对熔化气化炉、还原竖炉和热旋风除尘器等设备进行单元模化。对每个反应器均利用1组物料和(或)热量平衡式、所需的化学反应平衡式和其它有关约束式,计算物料、燃料消耗量或各种生成量。以反应器间物流和能流走向关系进行各反应器衔接匹配情况计算,形成对COREX工艺的系统模拟。