獐子岛附近海域沉积物中氮和磷的分布来源及污染风险评价

【目的】为探讨北黄海獐子岛附近海域氮、磷的来源及其污染风险状况,对该海域表层沉积物中氮、磷的形态和分布特征进行分析。【方法】采用K2S2O8氧化法和HCl浸取法对獐子岛附近海域13个站位的表层沉积物中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)及其无机和有机态的含量进行分析,并采用单因子标准指数法对氮、磷的污染水平进行评价。【结果】獐子岛附近海域沉积物中TN和TP的含量分别为0.192~1.357 mg/g和0.302~0.489mg/g,有机氮(ON)和无机磷(IP)是表层沉积物中氮和磷的主要存在形式,分别占TN与TP的90.93%和82.84%。沉积物中TN和TP在研究区域南部含量较高,这与沉积物粒度密切相关;而ON、有机磷(OP)两者都与有机碳(TOC)含量具有显著相关性,说明它们具有相似的来源。单因子标准指数法分析表明獐子岛附近海域沉积物中TP含量较低,标准指数均小于1;而TN含量相对较高,其标准指数为0.35~2.47。【结论】獐子岛附近海域沉积物中氮为陆源和自生混合来源,而磷主要是陆源输入;海域沉积物环境受到氮的污染。     

黄河水中甘氨酸对铅(Ⅱ)与表层沉积物相互作用的影响

研究了黄河水中甘氨酸对铅(Ⅱ)与表层沉积物相互作用的离子交换率E%—pH的影响.实验结果表明:①在2×7.73×10-3mmol·L-1甘氨酸存在下,离子交换率降低;②随着甘氨酸浓度的增加,S型曲线与未加甘氨酸相比,先左后右移动;③甘氨酸存在下,转型表层沉积物比自干表层沉积物离子交换率高.     

黑臭河道底泥细菌群落结构对人工曝气响应的DGGE分析

采用基于16S rDNA的PCR-DGGE(变性梯度凝胶电泳)图谱并通过条带割胶回收DNA进行序列分析,初步探讨了不同曝气条件下黑臭河道底泥中细菌群落结构多样性及其变化,同时用冗余分析(RDA)研究了环境因子与细菌群落结构之间的关系.结果表明,人工曝气对黑臭河道底泥细菌群落结构产生明显的影响,并且随不同曝气强度底泥细菌群落多样性呈现不同的变化,其中当曝气扰动雷诺数(Re)为1810,溶解氧(DO)为7.35时,细菌优势群落多样性最高;序列比对分析推测适度的曝气有利于促进碳、氮、硫循环相关细菌的生长,其中以变形菌门为主导;冗余分析显示DO和Re对细菌群落结构影响显著.     

排污流速比对河流水体中悬浮物沉降和底泥再悬浮的影响

采用数值模拟和水槽试验相结合的方法,研究河道排污口不同排污流速比(R分别为4.5、7.2和9.9)对悬浮物在排污口下游区域沉降和底泥再悬浮的影响。结果表明:随着流速比的增加,紊动越剧烈,污染云团扩散范围越大,沉降和悬浮作用也越明显。不同流速比情况下,通过底部水平面的沉降通量变化趋势基本一致,即先增加、后稳定,通量总量随着流速比增大而增加;由于临界起动流速(对应于R=5.8)的存在导致低流速比(R=4.5)情况下再悬浮通量增长缓慢,而中流速比(R=7.2)和高流速比(R=9.9)情况下再悬浮通量增长迅速。由此可见,排污流速对排污口下游区域悬浮物的沉降和底泥再悬浮具有重要的影响。     

长江水下三角洲沉积特征与发展趋势

长江水下三角洲是一个以径、潮流相互作用为主的沉积体。野外调查、分析资料证明,在三角洲前缘,沉积物由灰、黄色细、粉沙组成,分选较好。构造见波痕交错层理等,另夹似丘状交错层理风暴沉积层。由于受径流影响,有孔虫、超微属种、个数稀少,随着离河口距离增加,水体加深,前三角洲中沉积物颗粒变细,以粉沙质泥占优,分选变差。有机炭含量较高,潜穴发育。水平、波状层理中,经常出现风暴浊积层。有孔虫属种增至30种,个数几千枚。超微含量以大洋桥石为主,>50％。前三角洲向海,颗粒变为泥质沙,分选差。波痕交错层理。有孔虫属种多于40种,个数上万枚。它反映了三角洲一陆架过渡的浅海沉积环境特点。由于科氏力、径、潮流及苏北沿岸流的作用,长江水下三角洲沉积主体目前正逐步偏向东南,这导致北部不断受改造、废弃。     

木栅栏砾石笼生态护岸技术及其应用

结合林庄港的生态修复工程建设,系统地研究了木栅栏砾石笼生态护岸的技术要求和生态效果.现场监测结果表明:试验河段内河道水体中CODMn,TN,TP的去除率分别达到20.7%,13.9%,21.1%,同时生态护岸建设前后河段内底栖动物结构、种类和优势物种均出现明显变化,底栖动物的类群发生了由耐污类群为主向中间类群为主的转化,说明木栅栏砾石笼护岸对林庄港河流生态系统的改善和修复有良好的效果.     

Depositional history of the early part of the Jurassic succession on the Rajasthan Shelf, western India

Part of the lowermost deposits of the Triassic to Earlymid Jurassic (up to Bajocian) sedimentary succession spread across the Rajasthan shelf on the western part of the Indian craton is found in the Jaisalmer Basin east of Jaisalmer with the best exposed sections along the Jodhpur-Jaisalmer Highway. Based on lithostratigraphic characteristics, the succession is divided into four: Odania and Thaiat members, Lathi Formation; and Hamira and Joyan members, Jaisalmer Formation. Six facies are defined from microfacies, sedimentary structures, biotic components and depositional environments: (1) ferruginous, pebbly, cross-bedded sandstone—high-energy, fluvial; (2) cross-bedded, poorly sorted, fossil wood-bearing sandstone—highenergy, terrestrial, with high influx of sediment and warm and humid climate; (3) cross-bedded to rarely bioturbated, alternating silt to fine-grained sandstone—fluctuating sedimentation rates and energy—nearshore, mesohaline embayment to lagoonal; (4) partly bioturbated, storm-dominated, mixed siliciclastic-carbonate facies—fully marine; (5) low angle cross-laminated, silt to fine-grained sandstone—nearshore shallow water, above fair weather wave base; and (6) thick rudstones with mega-ripples and reworked coral heads-storm deposits representing the peak of first major marine transgression across the basin.     

矩值法和图解法计算山区河流沉积物粒度参数的差异

在宜昌市山区小河莲沱溪采集一组以粗砂和极粗砂为优势粒度组成的沉积物样品,在筛析法进行粒度分析的基础上,用矩值法和图解法分别计算沉积物的粒度参数,并对两种方法所得的结果进行对比.两种计算方法得到的平均粒径和分选系数十分接近,基本上可以互相替代.峰态呈一定的相关性,但不可互相代替.偏态较为离散,不具有明显的相关性.分析发现...     

湖相沉积物中有机类脂化合物与古环境重建

湖相沉积物是古环境记录的重要载体之一,为了更清晰的恢复古环境,必须提取湖相沉积物中高分辨率代用指标．有机类脂化合物即为一类分子级的指标,在分析湖相沉积物中有机类脂化合物特性的基础上,结合国内外的研究状况,探讨了几类主要的类脂化合物在古环境重建中的运用,提出目前国内湖相研究中此指标运用中存在的问题和发展前景．     

Dating recent lake sediments using spheroidal carbonaceous particle （SCP）

Dating lake sediment using sedimentary event is the supplement and calibration to traditional dating by radionuclide such as ^210Pb and ^137Cs. Based on the change of spheroidal carbonaceous particle (SCP) concentration, the age sequence of lake sediments can be deduced. It is one of the dating methods using sedimentary event. SCP is formed from combustion of fossil fuel at high temperature up to1750℃ and at a rate of heating of approaching 104℃/s. It can be dispersed to several hundred kilometers away from its source and deposited with precipitation or dryly deposited, and kept in sediments. Compared with Cs or Pb, there is no evidence for SCP that it decays in lake sediments and is unremovable once stored except by physical disturbance because it is mainly composed of element carbon. Handy method to extract, identify and calculate has been developed. Although fossil fuel has been used early in China, combustion at high temperature started later since emergence of electricity generation. The productivity of SCP is positively related with the generated thermal power, which is reflected as the SCP concentration in lake sediments increases with the increase of generated thermal power. Therefore, reliable sediment markers from the start of the SCP record and the remarkable variation can be used for dating purpose. In China, electricity industry started from the 1950s, and rapid increase of generated power took place since 1978. Based on these time markers, SCP time sequences of lake sediment cores LH and LL-4 from Longgan Lake, the middle reach of the Yangtze River, have been established, which is comparable with the results from ^137Cs and ^210pb, and has eliminated the errors of dating using ^137Cs and ^210pb.