Applications of membrane distillation technology in energy transformation process-basis and prospect

Membrane distillation technology is a new type of efficient separation technology that combines traditional distillation technology and membrane separation technology. In the study, applications of membrane distillation technology in thermal engineering and refrigerating engineering with typical energy transformation process were presented. Desorption and regeneration process of saline solution by vacuum membrane distillation was proposed on the basis of the concentration and separation properties of membrane distillation. Membrane distillation technology could be used in lithium bromide absorption refrigeration system, energy storage system, and the regeneration process of liquid desiccant solution in temperature-humidity independent control air-conditioning system. The aim of the applications was to use the low-grade energy such as waste heat, solar energy and geothermal energy adequately and to improve the available temperature difference of heat source. According to latent heat transfer and thermal conduction across the membrane in direct contact membrane distillation process, a novel membrane heat exchanger with both heat transfer and mass transfer processes was proposed. The heat exchanger could be used as the solution heat exchanger of lithium bromide absorption refrigeration system and as the special heat exchanger that recovered heat and pure water simultaneously. Some feasible process flows about the applications of membrane distillation technology to energy transformation process were listed and analyzed. Finally, future research emphases were indicated.     

Numerical surface characterization of wear debris from artificial joints using atomic force microscopy

Study on surface features of wear particles generated in wear process provides an insight into the progress of material failure of artificial joints. It is very important to quantify the surface features of wear particles in three dimensions. In this study, a new approach using atomic force microscopy was proposed to carry out 3D numerical surface characterization of wear debris generated from artificial joints. Atomic force microscopy combined with image processing techniques was used to acquire appropriate 3D images of wear debris. Computerized image analysis techniques were then used to quantify surface texture features of wear debris such as surface roughness parameters and surface texture index. The method developed from the present study was found to be feasible to quantity the surface characterization of nanoand micro-sized wear debris generated from artificial joints.     

TC4钛合金压坯的吸氢行为

利用管式氢处理炉研究了TC4钛合金压坯的温度-平衡氢分压关系以及吸氢动力学行为,测定了吸氢速率常数和激活能,并分析了吸氢反应各个阶段的反应机理.结果表明,随着吸氢温度的升高,达到平衡所需要的时间缩短,吸氢后的平衡氢分压升高.在350℃吸氢时,反应机制分别是形核长大、幂函数定律和三维扩散.在400℃吸氢时,反应机制分别是幂函数定律和三维扩散.在450～750℃吸氢时,反应机制均是三维扩散.TC4钛合金压坯吸氢反应的激活能为14.55kJ·mol-1.     

多温区空间晶体生长炉温度系统积分滑模变结构控制

多温区空间晶体生长炉温度系统是多输入多输出、强耦合对象.晶体生长要求对炉温进行精密控制,为抑制各温区间的耦合作用,提出一种积分滑模变结构控制器,利用其对匹配扰动的不变性实现解耦,同时,该控制器的积分作用可以有效减小系统稳态误差.仿真结果显示该方法是有效的.     

COREX工艺系统模拟的数学模型

对COREX工艺进行系统模拟,不仅为进一步开发该工艺提供信息预测服务,而且为实际生产中其工艺控制系统的设计奠定基础。在对各反应器内化学反应和热交换作必要假设的基础上,分别对熔化气化炉、还原竖炉和热旋风除尘器等设备进行单元模化。对每个反应器均利用1组物料和(或)热量平衡式、所需的化学反应平衡式和其它有关约束式,计算物料、燃料消耗量或各种生成量。以反应器间物流和能流走向关系进行各反应器衔接匹配情况计算,形成对COREX工艺的系统模拟。     

高炉透气性指数智能预测模型

高炉透气性指数是生产中最重要的监控参量之一,对透气性指数未来趋势的把握,于高炉操作者而言至关重要.通过支持向量机结合小波分析建立一个高炉透气性指数的预测模型,将历史四点透气性指数通过7层小波分解.使其波动范围变窄,结合相关的操作参数针对分解后的8个小波分量通过支持向量机建立8个预测子模型,最后通过预测分量的重构得到预测值.模型四点预测误差较小,并能满足高炉短期调节时限的要求.     

高炉内液体流动特征的数学描述

高炉内液体流动现象的研究对高炉工艺的控制与开发、炼铁工艺模拟具有重要意义.针对液流由非润湿液滴组成、惯性力对运动影响可忽略、液流沿垂直于速度的方向散开等高炉内液体运动的特点,分别给予较合适的数学描述,建立了一个可预测高炉内液流分布和液体流动范围的数学模型.该数学模型数值求解网格尺度仅满足数值精度即可,不必和床层填充颗粒尺寸相一致.模型预测结果和实验数据有较好的一致性.高炉模拟中该模型是一个可供选择的模型.     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱测定食品中碱性桃红T染料

建立了用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱检测食品中非法添加物碱性桃红T染料的方法.样品经80%碱化甲醇提取,在碱性条件下用聚酰胺固相萃取小柱富集、净化,并经酸化甲醇洗脱后通过超高效液相色谱-串联四极杆质谱仪检测.液相色谱条件:分离柱为Waters Acquity BEHC18柱(1.7μm,2.1 mm×100 mm);流动相为0.4%甲酸水溶液-纯甲醇;流速0.3 mL.min-1.碱性桃红T的检测限为0.3μg.kg-1,6种食品样品的回收率为83.9%~92.5%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为5.6%~8.3%(n=6).在16~800μg.kg-1浓度范围内呈良好的线性关系,线性回归系数r为0.996 6.     

温度对复合材料红外性能的影响

利用硬脂酸凝胶法制备了SiO2-Y2O3-TiO2复合材料.通过差热-热重分析、X-射线粉末衍射以及傅立叶变换红外光谱等表征手段对所得前驱体及烧结产物的性质进行了研究.结果表明该材料在中、远红外区具有较强吸收,在近红外有很好的反射,可以起到显著的隔热降温效果.     

高压密封消解石墨炉原子吸收测定土壤中的全钼

对密封消解石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定土壤中全钼的各参数条件进行研究。建立密封消解石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定土壤中全钼的方法。在最佳测试条件下,钼方法检出限为0．32μg／L,测定相对标准偏差为1．1％,样品加标回收率为92．7％-102．2％．用于土壤中全钼的测定,结果满意。