2016年古生物学热点回眸

 2016年国际古生物研究领域见证了一系列重要事件和研究热点。本文回顾2016年在地球早期生命研究、琥珀中的特异保存化石、中生代羽毛的颜色的分子证据、志留纪古鱼、早泥盆世植物根系、古DNA等研究方向的重要进展,盘点了国际古生物研究领域的前沿及热点,部分展示了中国古生物学界做出的突出贡献。     

The internal structure of Early Cambrian fossil embryo Olivooides revealed in the light of Synchrotron X-ray Tomographic Microscopy

Countless fossil embryo Olivooides and the hatched larvae,juveniles and adults(the latter two kinds are Punctatus) are recovered by means of acid maceration from the fine-crystalline to medium-crystalline phosphatic limestone and phosphatic micrite of Early Cambrian Kuanchuanpu Formation at the Shizhonggou section,near Kuanchuanpu Village,Ningqiang County,Shaanxi Province,China.Using the technique of Synchrotron X-ray Tomographic Microscopy,the 3D internal structure of Olivooides and Punctatus is reconstructed.The morphological and statistic analyses are also given to the stellae structure of Olivooides and Punctatus,which indicates that this structure is a result of adaptive evolution to a lifestyle of fast-attaching after hatching,probably with the function of mucilage secretion.The internal structure of Punctatus is described and discussed.The ovum-like structure,a common internal feature of Punctatus,is considered as the taphonomic structure,rather than eggs or other biological structure.This structure is thought to be formed after the burial of the animal and before or during the mineralization.The original internal structure of Punctatus is assumed to be tabulae-filled,with soft body grown on them.     

Filamentous cyanobacteria fossils and their significance in the Permian-Triassic boundary section at Laolongdong, Chongqing

The microbial communities blooming immediately after the end-Permian mass extinction represent abnormally extreme environments, and vary in different areas. In this study, filamentous cyanobacterial biota was found in the strata after the extinction in the famous Permian-Triassic boundary section at Laolongdong, Chongqing, southwest China. In thin sections, the filamentous cyanobacterial fossils are below 1 mm in length, and generally taper to one end, with the widest diameter up to 0.08 mm. Some of them are curved, indicating that they are soft in life. Their walls are composed of cryptocrystalline to microcrystalline calcites. The filaments have round cross section, and are internally filled with micrites and fine sparry calcites, which indicate that the filaments are originally empty. They are randomly distributed in the rocks, but in some places, they tend to be distributed in radial pattern. The filamentous organisms are morphologically similar to Rivularia of Rivulariaceae, Cyanobacteria Phylum, but with calcified sheaths, and are tentatively regarded as an indeterminate new species in Rivularia： Rivularia sp. Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic autotrophic, and can survive in dysoxic condition. The blooming of this organism and the absence of other organisms may indicate that the environment was oxygendeficient and shallow, since this photosynthetic autotrophic organism needed to live within photic.     

糙皮侧耳菌丝与子实体壳聚糖的提取与理化特征的比较

报道了从糙皮侧耳子实体、菌丝提取壳聚糖的方法,用红外光谱对所提取的样品进行鉴定和结构分析,并通过改良线性滴定法测定壳聚糖的氨基含量和抑菌效果的研究,比较了二者在理化性质和功能上的差异.发现两种壳聚糖在红外光谱图中酰胺I吸收峰在1649.50—1588.05cm-1范围内位置有区别;子实体偏低频,菌丝偏高频.壳聚糖氨基含量分别为6.78%和5.11%,两种壳聚糖对大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)和枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)的抑菌效果明显不同.用纤维素酶对其进行降解比较,结果表明:纤维素酶对以子实体制备的壳聚糖降解效果最为明显,而糙皮侧耳菌丝制备的壳聚糖不为纤维素酶所降解.     

真空冷冻干燥工艺中沙棘果共晶点测定与分析

阐述了共晶点在真空冷冻干燥工艺中的重要意义,在冻干试验中采用电阻法测定不同成熟度沙棘果的共晶点温度.对试验数据进行曲线拟合,确定共晶区,并根据函数曲率的物理意义,得出成熟度为"果皮黄色"和"果皮红色"的沙棘果共晶点分别为-22 ℃和-23 ℃.     

界在有无缥缈间——评鲁枢元的《文学的跨界研究》

鲁枢元先生三卷本的《文学的跨界研究》新近出版,这应是他三十年来文学理论研究成果的结晶,其中一个突出的关键词就是"跨学科"。他在"无界"的状态下开始进入文学的跨学科研究,涉足心理学、语言学和生态学,但所有的跨越都围绕着一个中心,那就是对文学的个体心灵与诗意空间的坚守。当他在文学心理学、文学言语学、生态文艺学三块领域都取得显著成果时,他却对"学科"由执着转向反思和质疑,在他看来,学科的跨越起源于原本的"无界"状态,经历学科壁垒森严的阶段,必然还要打破一个个"牢笼",重新回归"无界"的自然状态。     

白花刺蔷薇种子和果实的形态与组分

对白花刺蔷薇的种子和果实形态与化学成分含量进行了研究测定。结果表明：①白花刺蔷薇果实红色,长1.5～2.5 cm,径0.8～1.0 cm,内含种子1～12粒不等,种子外包白色薄膜;种子近似卵形,种皮土黄色或褐色。种子尺寸为4.58 mm×2.21 mm,单粒质量12.82 mg。②白花刺蔷薇种子总糖质量分数为124.2mg/g,高于粗脂肪（71.0 mg/g）、灰分（16.5 mg/g）、可溶性糖（11.7 mg/g）、蛋白质（1.7 mg/g）、游离氨基酸（0.2 mg/g）等其他内含物含量。③白花刺蔷薇果实中总糖质量分数为44.6 mg/g,明显高于酒石酸（4.5 mg/g）、苹果酸（4.0 mg/g）、单宁（3.3 mg/g）、赖氨酸（4.1 mg/g）、色氨酸（1.8 mg/g）、游离氨基酸（0.4 mg/g）、蛋白质（1.2 mg/g）等内含物的含量;Vc的质量分数为2.723 mg/g,远远高于苹果、梨等同科水果;SOD含量1 482.33 U/g,是刺梨的3倍;同时还含有Ca,Mg,Mn等多种矿质元素,开发利用前景广阔。     

生物多样性及其进化中的模糊问题研究

生物多样性是现代生物学研究的热门内容之一.根据现代生物学和古生物学研究成就,就生物多样性概念、生物多样性诞生、生物多样性进化中的模糊问题及解决途径进行了研究.     

孩儿拳头果实不同部位水浸液对生菜种子发芽及幼苗生长的影响

制备孩儿拳头果实不同部位和不同浸泡时间的水浸液,用生菜种子研究其对种子发芽及幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,孩儿拳头果实各部分均含有一定活性的水溶性内源萌发抑制物质,该物质不仅能抑制生菜种子的萌发,而且还抑制其幼苗的增高生长和根的伸长。在几种浸泡时间中,浸泡8 h的种子、外中果皮的浸泡液对生菜种子发芽率的抑制作用最为明显,其发芽率均为0。随着存放时间的延长,孩儿拳头果实里的水浸液的抑制作用逐渐降低。     

超声波辅助-反相HPLC法测定郑州市火棘果中的有机酸

用高效液相色谱法对郑州地区火棘果中有机酸的种类及含量进行了测定.色谱柱为HypersilODSC1(84.6mm×250mm,5μm);流动相:磷酸二氢钠-磷酸缓冲液(pH2.6);流速:0.8mL/min;检测波长:210nm.实验结果表明:火棘果果实中主要含柠檬酸9.243mg/kg,苹果酸10.244mg/kg,琥珀酸7.215mg/kg;在0.1～200.0μg/mL范围内,线性关系良好,相关系数分别为0.9999,0.9999,0.9998;最低检测限为0.01～0.04μg/mL.本法简便、准确、快捷,用于郑州地区火棘果中有机酸的测定,为火棘资源的质量检测与开发利用提供了科学依据.