Control of adenine nucleotide metabolism and glycolysis in vertebrate skeletal muscle during exercise

The turnover of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in vertebrate skeletal muscle can increase more than a hundredfold during high-intensity exercise while the content of ATP in muscle may remain virtually unchanged. This requires that the rates of ATP hydrolysis and ATP synthesis are exactly balanced despite large fluctuations in reaction rates. ATP is regenerated initially at the expense of phosphocreatine (PCr) and then mainly through glycolysis from muscle glycogen. The increased ATP turnover in contracting muscle will cause an increase in the contents of adenosine diphosphate (ADP), adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and inorganic phosphate (P_i), metabolites that are substrates and activators of regulatory enzymes such as glycogen phosphorylase and phosphofructokinase. An intracellular metabolic feedback mechanism is thus activated by muscle contraction. How muscle metabolism is integrated in the intact body under physiological conditions is not fully understood. Common frogs are suitable experimental animals for the study of this problem because they can readily be induced to change from rest to high-intensity exercise, in the form of swimming. The changes in metabolites and effectors in gastrocnemius muscle were followed during exercise, post-exercise recovery and repeated exercise. The results suggest that glycolytic flux in muscle is modulated by signals from outside the muscle and that fructose 2,6-bisphosphate is a key signal in this process.     

The regulation of trehalose metabolism in insects

Trehalose is a non-reducing disaccharide comprising two glucose molecules. It is present in high concentration as the main haemolymph (blood) sugar in insects. The synthesis of trehalose in the fat body (an organ analogous in function to a combination of liver and adipose tissue in vertebrates) is stimulated by neuropeptides (hypertrehalosaemic hormones), released from the corpora cardiaca, a neurohaemal organ associated with the brain. The peptides cause a decrease in the content of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate in fat body cells. Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate, acting synergistically with AMP, is a potent activator of the glycolytic enzyme 6-phosphofructokinase-1 and a strong inhibitor of the gluconeogenic enzyme fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase. This indicates that fructose 2,6-bisphosphate is a key metabolic signal in the regulation of trehalose synthesis in insects. Trehalose is hydrolysed by trehalase (E.C. 3.2.1.28). The activity of this enzyme is regulated in flight muscle, but the mechanism by which this is achieved is unknown. Trehalase from locust, flight muscle is a glycoprotein bound to membranes of the microsomal fraction. The enzyme can be activated by detergents in vitro and by short flight intervals in vivo, which indicates that changes in the membrane environment modulate trehalase activity under physiological conditions.     

N—烷基化氨基酸和氨基酸酯的一步反应

旋光性氨基酸或其酯室温下在NaHTe/EtOH和NaHTe/H_2O体系中与羰基化合物反应,一步得到N-烷基化氨基酸或其酯。具有二级胺基的脯氨酸苄酯亦能高产率生成N-Bzl-L-Pro·OEt。反应条件温和,不发生外消旋化,适用于带有各种基团的氨基酸。     

柠檬酸酯盐的合成及表面性能研究

本文利用直接酯化法,合成了不同烷基链长的柠檬酸酯钠盐,并对合成反应的工艺技术条件及产品的表面性能作了详细讨论。     

环己烷中间体及其酯类液晶的合成

本文以苯甲醚为原料合成4-正烷基苯酚(1),产率比以苯酚为原料的方法提高15%。(1)经催化加氢得到的4-正烷基环己醇(2),经气相色谱分析,主要产物为反式异构体。用相转移催化的方法将(2)转化为4-氯烷基环己烷(3),经格氏试剂合成得4-烷基环己基甲酸(4)。以(2)和(4)为原料合成了四种酯类液晶。     

磷酸焕酯的合成

磷酸酯在有机合成、医药和生化中占有重要地位。而磷酸炔酯由于可引进各种基团,就更具有其独特意。不久前,报道了合成磷酸及羧酸炔酯的方法。在该文中,磷酸炔酯是通过离子交换树脂法制备的。反应式如下:     

一株土曲霉金色变种产生菊糖酶的研究

一株土曲霉金色变种(Aspergillus terreus var.aureus Fx-2),从土壤中分离出该菌株在培养基中添加 1.0％玉米浆,5.0％菊糖、发酵6d,可产生活性达55.3units/ml的菊糖酶(Inulinase)。这种酶能被菊糖(Inulin)所诱导,而不被蔗糖、棉子糖、纤维素、葡萄糖或果糖所诱导。酶对菊糖水解反应的最适pH4.5,最适温度55℃。在pH4.5～5.5内,30℃保持24h;或pH5.0,60℃保持 10 min,酶的活性均能维持稳定。2.0％菊糖溶液,在适宜条件下,7 h内底物几乎100％被酶水解。产物的总糖中,果糖占93.0％、葡萄糖占5.8％。这株土曲霉合成菊糖酶时,最适pH为4.0,生成的酶具有较满意的水解性能和对热稳定性能。     

用相转移催化合成蔗糖酯(Ⅱ)蔗糖油酸酯的合成

本文研究了在合成蔗糖油酸酯中采用相转移催化的基本原理和方法.并考察了反应时间,原料的不同配比和催化剂用量对蔗糖油酸酯重量产率的影响。得出在反应时间为5h.原料配比为1:1.5(摩尔数),催化剂用量为油酸甲酯摩尔数的2.5%时.其蔗糖油酸酯产率是64%.产物经纯化后测定。含蔗糖单油酸酯65.6%.     

饮用水中微量有机污染物质的GC/MS分析

采用XAD树脂富集技术和GC／MS方法,对长沙市某管网末梢水中的微量、痕量有机污染物进行分析,共检出有机污染物38种,其中以氯代化合物、邻苯二甲酸酯类、醇类、杂环类、芳烃为主,并且有5种物质在中国环境优先污染物“黑名单”之列,分别是三氯乙烯、萘、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯、乙苯、1,4-二甲基苯．由于常规水处理工艺无法去除这些对人体有害的物质,因此建议水厂在考虑自身条件的基础上,积极采用活性炭吸附、臭氧氧化以及膜分离等饮用水深度处理技术,生产出更加优质的饮用水．     

SPME-GC-MS法测定海水中PE_s及与赤潮关系

报道了应用SPME GC MS法测定海水中的邻苯二甲酸酯 (PEs)及其与赤潮的关系 .详细研究了萃取头性质、萃取平衡时间、萃取温度、搅拌速度、介质离子强度等条件对萃取效率的影响 .该方法简便、快速、灵敏度高 ,不使用有毒有机溶剂 ,检测限为 0 0 0 5μg/L ,RSD介于 4 3%～ 7 5% ,回收率范围为 88 0 %～ 95 3% .该方法应用于海水样品的测定发现 ,赤潮海水中PEs 的浓度是非赤潮海水的 4～ 10倍 ,PEs 可能作为赤潮特征有机物之一 ,通过对海水中PEs 浓度变化的监测 ,可能对赤潮的预报和防治提供一种依据 .