Role of <Emphasis Type="Italic">N</Emphasis>-linked polymannose oligosaccharides in targeting glycoproteins for endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation

Misfolded or incompletely assembled multisubunit glycoproteins undergo endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) regulated in large measure by their N-linked polymannose oligosaccharides. In this quality control system lectin interaction with Glc₃Man₉GlcNAc₂ glycans after trimming with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) -glucosidases and -mannosidases sorts out persistently unfolded glycoproteins for N-deglycosylation and proteolytic degradation. Monoglucosylated (Glc₁Man₉GlcNAc₂) glycoproteins take part in the calnexin/calreticulin glucosylation-deglucosylation cycle, while the Man₈GlcNAc₂ isomer B product of ER mannosidase I interacts with EDEM. Proteasomal degradation requires retrotranslocation into the cytosol through a Sec61 channel and deglycosylation by peptide: N-glycosidase (PNGase); in alternate models both PNGase and proteasomes may be either free in the cytosol or ER membrane-imbedded/attached. Numerous proteins appear to undergo nonproteasomal degradation in which deglycosylation and proteolysis take place in the ER lumen. The released free oligosaccharides (OS) are transported to the cytosol as OS-GlcNAc₂ along with similar components produced by the hydrolytic action of the oligosaccharyltransferase, where they together with OS from the proteasomal pathway are trimmed to Man₅GlcNAc₁ by the action of cytosolic endo--N-acetylglucosaminidase and -mannosidase before entering the lysosomes. Some misfolded glycoproteins can recycle between the ER, intermediate and Golgi compartments, where they are further processed before ERAD. Moreover, properly folded glycoproteins with mannose-trimmed glycans can be deglucosylated in the Golgi by endomannosidase, thereby releasing calreticulin and permitting formation of complex OS. A number of regulatory controls have been described, including the glucosidase-glucosyltransferase shuttle, which controls the level of Glc₃Man₉GlcNAc₂-P-P-Dol, and the unfolded protein response, which enhances synthesis of components of the quality control system.Received 26 January 2004; accepted 25 February 2004     

卡尔·桑德堡的诗歌风格

卡尔·桑德堡的诗歌,一方面,从内容到形式上继承了沃尔特·惠特曼的创作风格:内容上,桑德堡使自己的诗歌成为"人民的声音";形式上,他采用自由体诗,打破传统的十四行诗的韵律,像惠特曼一样采用长句、重复、叠韵、罗列等技巧表达自己的情感。另一方面,卡尔·桑德堡紧跟时代脉搏,成为意象派诗人的一员,正是他短小精悍、浑然一体的意象诗使他名垂青史。     

电磁场数值分析的无单元Galerkin方法

阐述了移动最小二乘无单元Galerkin方法的基本原理及实现过程,给出了权函数的选取原则,和基于Lagrange乘子法的边界条件处理方法,结合算例说明了该方法用于电磁场分析的有效性和计算特点,并着重研究了影响半径对计算结果的影响,计算结果表明,对于非均匀媒质,影响半径应在一个与高斯积分点有关的范围内取值,以避免媒质作用的“扩散”而降低计算精度。     

4-Hydroxynonenal-modified amyloid-beta peptide inhibits the proteasome: possible importance in Alzheimer's disease

The amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) is a 4-kDa species derived from the amyloid precursor protein, which accumulates in the brains of patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Although we lack full understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of selective neuron death, considerable data do imply roles for both the toxic Aβ and increased oxidative stress. Another significant observation is the accumulation of abnormal, ubiquitin-conjugated proteins in affected neurons, suggesting dysfunction of the proteasome proteolytic system in these cells. Recent reports have indicated that Aβ can bind and inhibit the proteasome, the major cytoslic protease for degrading damaged and ubiquitin-conjugated proteins. Earlier results from our laboratory showed that moderately oxidized proteins are preferentially recognized and degraded by the proteasome; however, severely oxidized proteins cannot be easily degraded and, instead, inhibit the proteasome. We hypothesized that oxidatively modified Aβ might have a stronger (or weaker) inhibitory effect on the proteasome than does native Aβ. We therefore also investigated the proteasome inhibitory action of Aβ _1–40 (a peptide comprising the first 40 residues of Aβ) modified by the intracellular oxidant hydrogen peroxide, and by the lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE). H₂O₂ modification of Aβ _1–40 generates a progressively poorer inhibitor of the purified human 20S proteasome. In contrast, HNE modification of Aβ _1–40 generates a progressively more selective and efficient inhibitor of the degradation of fluorogenic peptides and oxidized protein substrates by human 20S proteasome. This interaction may contribute to certain pathological manifestations of Alzheimer’s disease Received 26 September 2000; accepted 26 September 2000     

飞机空面精确打击武器火控系统精度仿真分析

空对面精确打击武器火控系统是现代作战飞机对付地面(或海面)目标的一种重要武器系统,在现代战争中有着无可替代的作用,其武器系统精度是关键技术指标。在分析精度分析评价指标体系的基础上,分析了影响飞机空面精确导弹武器火控系统的误差因素,确定了从飞机火控系统和导弹制导系统两个方面来分析武器火控系统精度误差链的分析方法。针对防区外空地电视遥控制导导弹火控系统进行精度分析与评估,利用蒙特卡罗法对防区外空地导弹火控系统进行了全武器精度分析仿真。其结果对评价空对面精确打击武器火控系统精度具有很好的工程应用价值。     

Design and Application of Novel Dispersants for Coatings and Other System

1 Results Dispersants are defined as liquids or gases that can be added to a mixture to promote dispersion or to maintain dispersed particles in suspension. A good dispersant not only helps to provide good dispersion, but also good performance, stability and rheological properties. Therefore, dispersants are widely used in many applications such as coating, ink, electronic materials, plastics, and so on[1]. There are different ways to categorize the many dispersants available on the market. From a molec...     

标准态下碳酸二甲酯合成体系热力学分析

 用Benson基团贡献法计算了碳酸二甲酯(DMC)的热力学数据标准摩尔生成焓Δ_fH_m^θ、标准摩尔生成吉布斯自由能Δ_fH_m^θ和等压摩尔热容C_p,m;在标准态下,300~1 000 K温度范围内对比了甲醇或二甲醚(DME)氧化羰化合成DMC,甲醇或DME与CO₂直接合成DMC,由合成气合成DMC,DME,甲醛或甲醇这些反应的焓变Δ_fH_m^θ、吉布斯自由能变Δ_fH_m^θ和平衡常数lnK^θ.计算结果表明:在讨论的条件范围内,由DME氧化羰化合成DMC是热力学上可自发进行的反应,但DME和CO₂反应合成DMC与甲醇和CO₂反应合成DMC,均不能自发进行(需要通过耦合等方式来改变反应途径或重构反应体系,该反应才有可能进行).此计算将为合成DMC的反应路线设计以及新催化剂体系的探索提供热力学依据.     

不同负荷游泳训练对大鼠红细胞膜的影响

目的探讨不同负荷游泳训练对大鼠的运动能力、抗氧化酶SOD的活性、脂质过氧化产物MDA含量、Na -K -ATP酶和Ca2 -ATP活性的影响。方法选取雄性SD大鼠60只,随机分为三大组,即对照组(C组,20只)、小负荷游泳训练组(L组,20只)、大负荷游泳训练组(H组,20只),测试不同负荷游泳训练对大鼠红细胞膜抗氧化能力和ATP酶活性的影响。结果小负荷的运动训练可以降低安静时红细胞膜上MDA含量,提高抗氧化酶SOD活性,大负荷的训练则产生相反的结果;力竭运动后小负荷训练组红细胞膜Na -K -ATP酶活性增加,大负荷训练组Na -K -ATP酶活性下降;力竭运动后即刻各组RBCM上Ca2 -ATP酶活性都有下降,安静时小负荷的运动训练组Ca2 -ATP酶活性提高,但没有显著性差异,大负荷的运动训练使Ca2 -ATP酶活性显著下降。结论小负荷的运动训练可以提高机体的运动能力,而大负荷的训练会对机体产生不良影响;适宜负荷的运动训练不但可以提高安静时酶的活性,而且可以提高酶活性的储备力,延缓运动性疲劳的发生及抵抗力竭运动对机体造成运动损伤。     

The Yarn Curve and Tension in Rotor Spinning

The effective way of finding the yarn curve shape and tension of OE（open end） yarn inside the rotor is carried out and treated by dividing the yarn curve into two parts, from which the trajectory of the yarn sliding on the navel surface is also obtained. It is pointed out that the yarn curve shape and tension will both fluctuate with the trajectory＇s revolving cycle inside the rotor. However, the fluctuation is not too great, so the motion can still be regarded as approximately steady for dynamic analysis.     

Ellingham图及其在金属制取中的应用

说明了金属氧化物热力学稳定性与其生成反应的标准自由能变化之间的关系，分析了Ｅｌｌｉｎｇｈａｍ图的热力学意义，讨论了金属还原反应的自发性，说明了选择不同金属氧化物的还原剂的热力学依据。