基于RF-GA-BP神经网络的N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖含量预测

为解决微生物发酵法制取氨基葡萄糖(Glucosamine,GlcN)过程中N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖(N-acetylglucosamine,GlcNAc)含量难以在线测量的问题。提出一种由随机森林算法、遗传算法及神经网络算法相结合的改进预测算法。利用随机森林算法中平均不纯度下降的特点,对输入特征进行关联性分析,并通过遗传算法对神经网络初始权值、阈值进行优化。以某氨糖生产企业发酵过程中的数据为基础,建立基于RF-GA-BP算法的预测模型。结果表明：该模型对发酵生产过程中N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖含量具有良好的预测能力,所提出的模型兼顾了高精度与快收敛的需求,测试样本预测平均误差低于7%,优于GA-BP模型与传统BP模型。     

Breeding in the gray-headed tody-flycatcher (Aves: Tyrannidae) with comments on geographical variation in reproductive traits within the genus Todirostrum

The gray-headed tody-flycatcher Todirostrum poliocephalum is a passerine endemic to the Atlantic Forest of Brazil. We describe the nest and nesting behaviour of this species and investigate geographical variation in breeding traits in the genus using data from the literature, museum collections, and citizen science projects. We located 21 nests of the gray-headed tody-flycatcher, 13 of which we monitored. Nest height above the ground averaged 3.3 ± 3.4 m (n = 21). Nests were built over a 16.8 ± 5.6-day period (n = 6) by both adults. Clutch sizes ranged from two to three eggs, with a mean of 2.9 ± 0.3 eggs (n = 10). Eggs measured 16.6 ± 0.5 × 12.0 ± 0.5 mm (n = 23) and weighed 1.1 ± 0.1 g (n = 19). Mean incubation period was 17 days (n = 3) and mean nestling period was 15.5 days (n = 2). Apparent reproductive success was 30.8%, with predation being the primary cause of nest failure (46.1%). Mayfield’s reproductive success was 25.9%, and daily survival rates for eggs and nestlings were 0.957 and 0.971, respectively. Clutch sizes increased with latitude, but temperature and precipitation seasonality had very low importance in explaining clutch size variation.     

品读中国木文化

通过对传统木建筑在结构和材料选择上的分析、解读,诠释出木建筑文化的生态思想.阐述了“道法自然、天人合一”的哲学观和民间广为流传的“盛木为怀”的宗教情结,表述了木建筑文化映衬出的“对称美”、“和谐美”、“生机美”、“曲线美”等建筑美学思想.     

The parasitoid complex and parasitoid‐induced mortality of spiders (Araneae) in a Central European woodland

The parasitoid complex of spiders was studied in three different sites of a forest and, for comparison, in open habitats in north‐western Lower Saxony (Germany). Qualitative data and, for four spider species, detailed quantitative rearing data were obtained. At least 25 parasitoids of spiders were recorded (23 species of Hymenoptera and two species of Diptera). External parasitoids of spiders were rare in the woodlands; only up to 1% of the spiders collected by hand searching and sweep netting had ectoparasitoids. During the investigation 23 parasitoid species were reared from spider egg masses, 10 of them occurring in woodlands. Two species were secondary parasitoids. Several parasitoid–host relationships were recorded for the first time. Egg masses of Floronia bucculenta were parasitized up to 5% by two species of the genus Gelis. Up to 10% of the egg masses of Linyphia hortensis were parasitized by Aclastus species. Egg masses of the spider genus Ero were parasitized by three species, causing an overall mortality of 40%. For egg masses of Agroeca spp. parasitization at some locations was up to 60%. An overview of the Central European parasitoid complex of spiders is provided.     

Metazoan parasites of Calophysus macropterus (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) in the Acre and Iaco rivers in the western Amazon region of Brazil: diversity,similarity and seasonal variation

ABSTRACT

The diversity, similarity and seasonal variation of metazoan parasite communities in Calophysus macropterus in the Acre and Iaco rivers, in the western Amazon (Brazil), was investigated. Parasites from 13 taxa were collected from C. macropterus in both rivers: four species of monogeneans, four nematodes, two cestodes, one digenean, one crustacean and one pentastomid. In hosts from the Acre river, Cucullanus pinnai predominated; while in hosts in the Iaco river, Monticellia amazonica predominated. The component communities of the parasites among the hosts in the two rivers presented high similarity (100%). Prevalence of Alinema amazonicum was higher in hosts in the Acre river; while the prevalence of C. pinnai was higher in hosts in the Iaco river and the mean prevalence and abundance of M. amazonica were higher in fish from the Iaco river. Regarding C. macropterus from the Acre river, infection levels by A. amazonicum were higher during the rainy season, while Demidospermus pinirampi only occurred in the dry season and Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) inopinatus only occurred in the rainy season. In hosts from the Iaco river, infections by larvae of Anisakidae gen. sp. were higher during the dry season, while infection by Rudolphiella piracatinga and Sebekia sp. only occurred in the rainy season. However, P. (S.) inopinatus, Ergasilus callophysus, Ameloblastella unapi, Demidospermus luckyi, Demidospermus macropteri and D. pinirampi only occurred in the dry season. High similarity of the component communities of the parasite was observed between the rainy and dry seasons. These results suggest that factors other than location and seasonality were influencing the communities and infracommunities of the parasites found. Lastly, C. macropterus is a new host for almost 50% of the parasite species found. In addition, the results from the present study have expanded the geographical range of these 13 species of parasites to the western Amazon region.     

A new lycid-like species of Iarucanga Martins & Galileo, 1991 (Coleoptera,Cerambycidae, Lamiinae,Hemilophini) from the Bolivian Andes

ABSTRACT

A new species of long-horned beetle, Iarucanga gonzalomartinezi sp. nov., from Bolivian Yungas forest is described and illustrated. This species likely imitates species of the Lycidae genus Plateros.

http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:9137E71A-179B-4A86-AB49-9715ECC692D3     

西安市工业绿色距离与生态化实现度分析

建设生态西安是"十一·五"规划的重要目标,而工业生产的绿色距离及生态化实现度测评可为其提供科学依据.从资源和环境双调控出发,选取1985～2005年万元产值能耗、水资源消耗、SO2排放量和COD排放量4个指标,依据国家制定的生态市建设标准,对西安市工业绿色距离及生态化实现度进行了分析测评,结果显示:工业生产水资源消耗在2003年达到生态化标准,而能源消耗、SO2和COD排放量尚未达到生态化目标.针对其绿色距离和生态化实现度,从微观角度对西安市28个工业部门污染物的排放及绿色距离进行了分析,揭示了不同工业行业之间的差异,为建设资源节约型和环境友好型城市提供了依据.图4,表1,参7.     

灵长动物行为与生态学的研究现状与进展(五):营养生态学

在灵长动物的研究史中,取食行为的研究始终占有中心的位置。灵长动物所需要的营养物质包括碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂肪、维生素、矿物质和水等几大类。前三类通常被称为大营养物(macronutrient),动物的生长和发育对其需求比较大,而矿物质和维生素通常被称为微量营养物(micronutrient),其本身不用于产生能量,却参与不计其数的生理过程。除了少数例外,灵长动物的能量和营养需求大部分来自于植物。     

异速生长和资源限制生物量模型研究的最新进展

异速生长和资源限制理论是当今生物界和系统科学研究的热点理论,其最新进展对森林生物量估算问题有重要意义。阐述了异速生长关系;并在总结国内外森林生物量估算方法基础上,探讨了基于异速生长与资源限制模型的树高、个体与区域的森林生物量估算理论;最后展望了基于异速生长与资源限制模型的研究与应用的发展趋势。