安徽滁州汉族5项舌运动类型的人类学研究

调查了安徽滁州地区348例（男212例,女136例）汉族卷舌、叠舌、翻舌、尖舌、三叶舌共5项舌运动类型.结果表明：（1）安徽汉族卷舌率为76.72%,叠舌率为17.24%,翻舌率为24.71%,尖舌率为55.75%,三叶舌率为3.74%;（2）与其他群体相比,安徽汉族卷舌率与叠舌率偏高,翻舌率与尖舌率中等,三叶舌率偏低;（3）除叠舌外,其他4种舌运动类型的出现率男女性别间均无显著性差异;（4）卷舌基因与三叶舌基因存在互作关系,叠舌基因与尖舌基因、翻舌基因、三叶舌基因分别存在基因互作关系,翻舌基因与尖舌基因存在基因互作关系;（5）聚类分析结果表明,安徽汉族的舌运动类型与布依族、仫佬族最为接近.     

在折叠模型下对超核_Λ~(13)C基态结构的研究

用集团结构模型、折叠模型和少体理论方法,从基态结合能和集团间的均方根半径方面研究了13ΛC超核的基态结构,计算结果与实验值符合较好.     

折纸机构折叠过程不共点折痕的位置分析

针对多顶点折纸中不共点折痕这一种典型折痕分布在折叠过程中空间位置的复杂变化,以及对 折纸机构刚性折叠特性所产生的影响,提出了一种通过分解折痕运动确定折痕空间位置并判断折纸机构刚 性折叠特性的方法。 该方法首先通过构造原折痕的平行折痕把各不共点折痕汇交于同一顶点,根据共点折 痕的旋转运动确定平行折痕位置变化;然后根据中心多边形确定旋转后平行折痕的平移方向和距离;最后确 定不共点折痕变换后的空间位置,并根据折叠平面的变形确定折纸机构的刚性折叠特性。 通过具体参数对 三顶点折纸折痕空间位置变化进行验证分析,结果表明:这种分析方法不仅简化了多顶点折纸中不共点折痕 位置的计算过程,也为确定折纸机构不可折叠时折叠平面的变形形式做了铺垫。     

信息技术环境下儿童语言发展促进研究

在儿童语言发展特征与人类语言习得理论的基础上,探讨信息技术环境下,利用信息技术促进儿童口语、书面语发展的方法和策略以及要注意的问题。     

Apoptotic cell death in the lactating mammary gland is enhanced by a folding variant of α-lactalbumin

Apoptosis is essential to eliminate secretory epithelial cells during the involution of the mammary gland. The environmental regulation of this process is however, poorly understood. This study tested the effect of HAMLET (human -lactalbumin made lethal to tumor cells) on mammary cells. Plastic pellets containing HAMLET were implanted into the fourth inguinal mammary gland of lactating mice for 3 days. Exposure of mammary tissue to HAMLET resulted in morphological changes typical for apoptosis and in a stimulation of caspase-3 activity in alveolar epithelial cells near the HAMLET pellets but not more distant to the pellet or in contralateral glands. The effect was specific for HAMLET and no effects were observed when mammary glands were exposed to native a-lactalbumin or fatty acid alone. HAMLET also induced cell death in vitro in a mouse mammary epithelial cell line. The results suggest that HAMLET can mediate apoptotic cell death in mammary gland tissue.Received 30 January 2004; received after revision 5 March 2004; accepted 16 March 2004     

Role of <Emphasis Type="Italic">N</Emphasis>-linked polymannose oligosaccharides in targeting glycoproteins for endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation

Misfolded or incompletely assembled multisubunit glycoproteins undergo endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) regulated in large measure by their N-linked polymannose oligosaccharides. In this quality control system lectin interaction with Glc₃Man₉GlcNAc₂ glycans after trimming with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) -glucosidases and -mannosidases sorts out persistently unfolded glycoproteins for N-deglycosylation and proteolytic degradation. Monoglucosylated (Glc₁Man₉GlcNAc₂) glycoproteins take part in the calnexin/calreticulin glucosylation-deglucosylation cycle, while the Man₈GlcNAc₂ isomer B product of ER mannosidase I interacts with EDEM. Proteasomal degradation requires retrotranslocation into the cytosol through a Sec61 channel and deglycosylation by peptide: N-glycosidase (PNGase); in alternate models both PNGase and proteasomes may be either free in the cytosol or ER membrane-imbedded/attached. Numerous proteins appear to undergo nonproteasomal degradation in which deglycosylation and proteolysis take place in the ER lumen. The released free oligosaccharides (OS) are transported to the cytosol as OS-GlcNAc₂ along with similar components produced by the hydrolytic action of the oligosaccharyltransferase, where they together with OS from the proteasomal pathway are trimmed to Man₅GlcNAc₁ by the action of cytosolic endo--N-acetylglucosaminidase and -mannosidase before entering the lysosomes. Some misfolded glycoproteins can recycle between the ER, intermediate and Golgi compartments, where they are further processed before ERAD. Moreover, properly folded glycoproteins with mannose-trimmed glycans can be deglucosylated in the Golgi by endomannosidase, thereby releasing calreticulin and permitting formation of complex OS. A number of regulatory controls have been described, including the glucosidase-glucosyltransferase shuttle, which controls the level of Glc₃Man₉GlcNAc₂-P-P-Dol, and the unfolded protein response, which enhances synthesis of components of the quality control system.Received 26 January 2004; accepted 25 February 2004     

Protein folding revisited. A polypeptide chain at the folding – misfolding – nonfolding cross-roads: which way to go?

The structure-function paradigm claims that a specific function of a protein is determined by its unique and rigid three-dimensional (3D) structure. Thus, following its biosynthesis on the ribosome, a protein must fold to be functional. This idea represents one of the cornerstones of modern biology. Numerous cases when, due to the effect of environmental factors or because of genetic defects (mutations), a polypeptide chain has lost its capability to gain a proper functional 3D structure (i.e. became misfolded), seem to confirm this concept. Consequences of such misfolding are well known and represent lost of function, aggregation, development of conformational disorders and cell death. However, the recent revelation of countless examples of intrinsically disordered proteins has cast doubt on the general validity of the structure-function paradigm and revealed an intriguing route of functional disorder. Thus, in a living cell, a polypeptide chain chooses between three potential fates – functional folding, potentially deadly misfolding and mysterious nonfolding. This choice is dictated by the peculiarities of amino acid sequence and/or by the pressure of environmental factors. The aim of the present review is to outline some interesting features of these three routes.Received 5 March 2003; received after revision 28 March 2003; accepted 31 March 2003     

四川资阳汉族7项不对称行为特征的研究

以四川省资阳地区作为取样点,调查了497例(男220例,女277例)简阳市汉族高中生的7项不对称行为特征(扣手、利手、叠臂、叠腿、利足、起步类型和优势眼).研究结果显示:(1)四川资阳汉族7项不对称行为特征出现率均R型高于L型.(2)四川资阳汉族7项不对称行为特征的出现率均不存在性别间差异.(3)四川资阳汉族与蒙古族等12个民族R型率比较,经u检验显示,除藏族外,与其他12个民族均有4项及以上不对称行为特性与其出现显著差异.(4)与其他7个地区汉族人群比较的u检验显示,四川资阳汉族与其他6个地区汉族均有3项以上不对称行为出现显著差异.(5)分析了四川资阳汉族7项指标间的相关性,发现扣手与利足、扣手与起步、利手与利足、利手与起步、叠腿与利足、叠腿与起步、利足与起步也存在显著的相关性,且R-R型组合(右型-右型)的出现率远高于L-L型组合(左型-左型)的出现率.     

天津地区汉族7种不对称行为特征的研究

报道了天津市汉族956例(男462例,女494例)7项不对称行为特征(包括扣手、利手、叠臂、叠腿、利足、起步类型、优势眼),并与其他民族进行了比较.结果是:(1)天津地区汉族7项不对称行为特征中,有4项特征的R型出现率过半,其它3项R、L型分布相近;(2)7项不对称行为特征中,除利足、优势眼外其余5项出现率男女间差异不显著;(3)7项不对称行为特征中除叠臂外其余6项的出现率存在一定的民族差异;(4)不对称行为特征具有相关的数量较多,程度较高.     

叠腿的遗传学分析

对163对同性别双生子的叠腿方式进行分析．结果表明,叠腿主要与遗传因素有关．采用Smith无偏分析法及刘祖洞理论子女总数校正法对72个家系资料的分析发现．叠腿可能为常染色体单基因遗传,叠腿右型相对于左型为显性性状．此外．虽然遗传因素对该性状起主要作用,但环境因素对其表型也有一定影响．