Study of the ionospheric TEC using GPS during the large solar flare burst on Nov. 6, 1997

Using the data from 15 global positioning system (GPS) stations scattered between 28° N—45° N and 90° W—77° E we obtained the total electron content (TEC) variations with time during a large solar flare. The results indicated that the flare makes the TEC of ionosphere increasing in a large spatial area. The amounts of the TEC enhancement are mainly determined by the local time of subionospheric point, and the largest TEC enhancement is about 2.5 TECU. It is also concluded that the TEC enhancement is not symmetrical about the local noon time, the TEC enhancement values during morning hours are larger than those of the afternoon hours.     

Power conversion factor in solar flares

With RHESSI data from five solar flares taken from beginning to end,we investigate the power conversion factorμdefined as the ratio of the time derivative of total thermal energy(ERHESSI+Erad+Econd)and the kinetic power(PRHESSI)of nonthermal electrons.Here, ERHESSI is the computed energy contained in thermal plasmas traced by RHESSI SXRs.Other two contributions(Erad and Econd)to the total energy are the energies lost through radiation and conduction,both of which can be derived from the observational data.If both are not considered,μis only positive before the SXR maximum.However,we find that for each flare studiedμis positive over the whole duration of the soalr flare after taking into account both radiation and conduction.Mean values forμrange from 11.7% to 34.6%for these five events,indicating roughly that about this fraction of the known energy in nonthermal electrons is efficiently transformed into thermal energy from start to end.This fraction is traced by RHESSI SXR observations;the rest is lost.The bulk of the nonthermal energy could heat the plasma low in the atmosphere to drive mass flows(i.e.chromospheric evaporation).     

太阳耀斑中两个独立X射线发射过程

基於Ｘ射线的观测事实，证明在太阳耀斑中存在两个独立的Ｘ射线发射过程：≤１２．５ｋｅｖ的软Ｘ射线和～２５ｋｅｖ的硬Ｘ射线及少量的高能γ用电子—离子束缚态及其发核聚变的模型给出定性解释。     

各类别耀斑对人体的不同效应初探

对各种不同性质、不同级别、不同日面位置及不同时间的耀斑与婴儿出生率变化关系的分析，显示出不同耀斑对人体影响的不同。各级Hα耀斑、质子耀斑的当日效应都很明显，这反映了人体对耀斑电磁辐射和高能粒子辐射的敏感性，耀斑耀发后的第2－5d还有一个出生率高峰，能量越大的耀斑，这个峰出现得越早，这与低能离子云到达地球的时间相符。太阳活动低谷年爆发的1b,1n级Hα耀斑和C级X射线耀斑等低能量耀斑地人体的影响也不能忽视。     

The correlation of flare’s location on solar disc and the sudden increase of total electron content

The correlation of flare's location on solar disc with the value of sudden increase of total electron content is analyzed with flare's parameters observed by GOES satellite from 1997 to 1999 and total electron content derived from GPS data observed by international GPS Service for Geodynamics. It is found that, besides the flare's maximum X-ray flux, flare's location on solar disc has some relation with the value of SITEC during the flare. The ionospheric response to a flare with a smaller maximum X-ray flux and nearer angular distance to the Sun's central meridian line may be stronger than that of the flare with a larger maximum X-ray flux and far angular distance. To the flares with the same class of maximum X-ray flux, the nearer the angular distance to the Sun's meridian, the stronger the ionospheric response.     

Sunlit boundary ionospheric response to the great flare on Oct. 28, 2003

The sudden increase in X-ray and EUV flux duringthe outburst of a large flare greatly elevate the electrondensity of the ionosphere, causing sudden ionosphericdisturbances (SIDs), such as sudden wave fadeout (SFD),sudden phase anomaly (SPA), sudden frequency deviation(SFD) and sudden increase in total electron content(SITEC)[1—4]. Two review articles addressed SIDs in detailrecently[5,6]. Due to the limitation of observing methods,the global ionospheric morphology during solar flares…