Genetic analysis and fine mapping of an enclosed panicle mutant esp2 in rice （Oryza sativa L.）

The phenomenon of panicle enclosure in rice is mainly caused by the shortening of uppermost internode.Elucidating the molecular mechanism of panicle enclosure will be helpful for solving the problem of panicle enclosure in male sterile lines and creating new germplasms in rice.We acquired a monogenic recessive enclosed panicle mutant,named as esp2 (enclosed shorter panicle 2),from the tissue culture progeny of indica rice cultivar Minghui-86.In the mutant,panicles were entirely enclosed by flag leaf sheaths and the uppermost internode was almost completely degenerated,but the other internodes did not have obvious changes in length.Genetic analysis indicated that the mutant phenotype was controlled by a recessive gene,which could be steadily inherited and was not affected by genetic background.Apparently,ESP2 is a key gene for the development of uppermost internode in rice.Using an F 2 population of a cross between esp2 and a japonica rice cultivar Xiushui-13 as well as SSR and InDel markers,we fine mapped ESP2 to a 14-kb region on the end of the short arm of chromosome 1.According to the rice genome sequence annotation,only one intact gene exists in this region,namely,a putative phosphatidylserine synthase gene.Sequencing analysis on the mutant and the wild type indicated that this gene was inserted by a 5287-bp retrotransposon sequence.Hence,we took this gene as a candidate of ESP2.The results of this study will facilitate the cloning and functional analysis of ESP2 gene.     

Effects of coagulation on submerged ultrafiltration membrane fouling caused by particles and natural organic matter （NOM）

Natural organic matter (NOM) and particles in source water are responsible for the majority of ultrafiltration (UF) membrane fouling that occurs during drinking water treatment. This study was conducted to (1) understand the UF membrane fouling phenomena caused by NOM and turbidity-causing particles and (2) investigate the effect of coagulation pretreatment on the alleviation of membrane fouling. In this study, kaolinite and humic acid (HA) were used to simulate the particles and NOM present in source water. The results revealed that the particles contributed to reversible fouling due to cake layer formation on the membrane surface, but that could be effectively reduced by increasing the frequency of physical backwashing. The results of the molecular weight (MW) distribution measurements, resin fractionation, SEM and FTIR analyses showed that HA primarily contributed to irreversible fouling. Taken together, the results of this study imply that the particles and NOM compounds present in source water may have different fouling behavior, and that particles may mitigate the irreversible fouling caused by HA. The addition of coagulant can lead to a higher rate of removal of large-sized hydrophobic compounds. Coagulation pretreatment can improve membrane performance and postpone membrane fouling development effectively, as well as retard the implementation of membrane chemical cleaning.     

Fast acceleration of “killer” electrons and energetic ions by interplanetary shock stimulated ULF waves in the inner magnetosphere

Energetic electrons and ions in the Van Allen radiation belt are the number one space weather threat. Understanding how these energetic particles are accelerated within the Van Allen radiation belt is one of the major challenges in space physics. This paper reviews the recent progress on the fast acceleration of "killer" electrons and energetic ions by ultralow frequency (ULF) waves stimulated by the interplanetary shock in the inner magnetosphere. Very low frequency (VLF) wave-particle interaction is considered to be one of the primary electron acceleration mechanisms because electron cyclotron resonances can easily occur in the VLF frequency range. Recently, using four Cluster spacecraft observations, we have found that, after interplanetary shocks impact the Earth’s magnetosphere, energetic electrons in the radiation belt are accelerated almost immediately and continue to accelerate for a few hours. The time scale (a few days) for traditional acceleration mechanisms, based on VLF wave-particle interactions to accelerate electrons to relativistic energies, is too long to explain our observations. Furthermore, we have found that interplanetary shocks or solar wind pressure pulses, with even small dynamic pressure changes, can play a non-negligible role in radiation belt dynamics. Interplanetary shocks interaction with the Earth’s magnetosphere manifests many fundamental space physics phenomena including energetic particle acceleration. The mechanism of fast acceleration of energetic electrons in the radiation belt responding to interplanetary shock impacts consists of three contributing parts: (1) the initial adiabatic acceleration due to strong shock-related magnetic field compression; (2) followed by the drift-resonant acceleration with poloidal ULF waves excited at different L-shells; and (3) particle acceleration due to the quickly damping electric fields associated with ULF waves. Particles end up with a net acceleration because they gain more energy in the first half of this cycle than they lose in the second. The results reported in this paper cast a new light on understanding the acceleration of energetic particles in the Earth’s Van Allen radiation belt. The results of this study can likewise be applied to interplanetary shock interaction with other planets such as Mercury, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune, and other astrophysical objects with magnetic fields.     

核壳粒子对PBT增韧改性研究

采用甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)和丙烯酸丁酯(BA)合成了软核硬壳的核壳粒子,再用该核壳粒子改性聚对苯二甲酸二丁酯（PBT）。研究了核壳粒子合成工艺及添加量对PBT力学性能的影响,并研究了核壳粒子与马来酸酐接枝POE共同改性PBT的力学性能。结果表明,单体MMA和BA质量比为2/3时核壳粒子对PBT有较好的增强增韧效果;引发剂增加有利于减小核壳粒子粒径,有利于提高PBT的强度;核壳粒子与POE-g-MAH有共增韧效果,在基本不影响PBT强度下显著提高冲击性能。     

拉格朗日-雷诺应力模型在后台阶颗粒流中的运用

使用拉格朗日与雷诺应力模型相结合模拟了后台阶颗粒流,考虑了颗粒的重力作用而忽略了其它的作用力。结果表明,该方法对于后台阶颗粒流的气相流场与实验符合程度相当好,而在颗粒流中,模拟结果也与实验表现出一定的符合程度。由于该方法需要的计算资源比较少,值得进一步研究。     

优化开放实验模式 着力培养创新型人才

结合创新型人才的培养,研究了开放实验的新模式。将开放实验纳入学生培养的有效环节中,依托省实验教学示范中心,充分借助省级精品课程"精细化学品合成与实验"的平台,针对学分制下开放实验创新研究进行了有益的探索。结合基础知识、专业知识的培养,以及化工实习和毕业论文等环节,突出开放实验不可取代的作用,形成了行之有效的实验创新能力培养模式,使开放和研究贯穿于学生培养的始终。     

聚乙烯复合材料制备与表征

选用微米级碳酸钙、碳酸镁作为无机填料,研究了二元复配填料填充对聚乙烯复合材料性能的影响。通过对无机粉体活化实验,复合材料熔体指数、力学性能以及结晶性能的比较,讨论了无机组合粒子级复配共混的协同效应。结果表明,复配填料能够产生一定的协同效应,提高聚乙烯复合材料的综合性能。     

双向超越离合器星轮成形工艺分析

针对离合器星轮传统制造工艺存在机械加工制造成本高、材料利用率低,精密冲裁零件断面会产生塌陷、拉裂等问题,提出了精冲挤压成形离合器星轮方法,它不但能提高零件精度,改善零件力学性能,还能提高生产率并节省材料,模拟分析结果表明:精冲成形后零件断面由于材料塑料变形产生的塌角现象,采用挤压成形后,零件塌角得到了明显的改善,其尺寸精度也可得到较大的提高;随压边力的增大,零件塌角高度减小.研究结果为厚板精密冲裁提供了新的方法.     

希德拉顿颗粒铺盖防渗性能试验

为了探讨不同铺盖条件下希德拉顿颗粒的防渗效果,堆建了3座内含不同渗漏隐患的土石坝模型.将不同铺盖厚度和不同铺盖面积的希德拉顿颗粒铺盖在坝面渗漏处,并统计渗漏流量随时间的变化.试验结果表明:铺盖希德拉顿颗粒后,3种渗漏模型的渗漏流量都随时间呈指数规律下降,接触带渗漏模型的渗漏流量下降速率最大,库底渗漏模型的渗漏流量下降较...     

液态夹杂与固态夹杂碰撞聚合的物理模拟和机理研究

针对钢液中液态夹杂与固态夹杂碰撞聚合的现象,采用水模型实验模拟了液态夹杂去除固态夹杂的行为.实验结果表明:其与液滴去除夹杂的机理类似,流体内液滴与固粒的碰撞存在3种形式:惯性碰撞、截留捕获和尾流捕获.通过理论公式计算了单独的惯性碰撞捕获效率及同时考虑惯性碰撞和截留的捕获效率,发现二者的趋势基本一致,尤其当液滴直径较大时,二者曲线大致重合,因此,可以得出惯性捕获占据主导地位的结论.这与实验中观察到的液滴与固粒聚合大多数都是惯性碰撞相吻合.对实验数据进行了分析计算,得到了实验中液滴捕获固粒的捕获效率,发现所得曲线与理论计算捕获效率值相比,有一定差异,但是趋势基本一致.这是因为湍动程度较低,不同直径的捕获效率相对较为均匀,没有理论计算曲线那样陡峭.