论流域水土保持中水保与土保的关系

为揭示水土保持中＂水保＂和＂土保＂的关系,运用水资源结构分析方法,探讨了流域＂水流失＂的内涵.在此基础上,以安塞纸坊沟为例,利用土壤侵蚀的特征指标和水流失的特征指标分别表征土壤侵蚀和水流失,分析了水流失与土壤侵蚀之间的关系,并对不同目标下的水土保持用水进行了讨论.结果表明：水流失本质上就是流域生态环境水向潜在资源水和灾害水转化的过程;1938—1999年间纸坊沟流域水流失与土壤侵蚀的强度与程度之间均有较好的相关关系;纸坊沟流域土保可达到微度侵蚀的目标,此时的径流量约为6.77×10^4m^3,基本可满足河道生态环境需水以及一定社会经济用水的需求.     

水化学腐蚀下岩石损伤力学效应研究

水化学腐蚀条件下岩石损伤力学效应是引起裂隙岩体力学性质变化的主要原因,因此,对裂隙岩体微观结构的水化学损伤效应及其定量化的研究具有重要意义.阐述了裂隙岩体的水化学腐蚀及裂隙岩体损伤力学的国内外研究现状,定性地研究了岩石水化学损伤的化学成分分析理论及能量分析理论,对水化学溶液的腐蚀影响机理进行了分析,并研究了不同化学溶液对岩石变形及强度腐蚀效应的影响.     

Evolution of drainage systems and its developing trend in connection with tectonic uplift of Eastern Kunlun Mt.

The Eastern Kunlun Mt. had been subjected to uplift together with the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau before the Early Pleistocene, and yet the Mt, did not protrude out of the Plateau surface. During that period lakes spread all over the studied region, with the drainage systems being all short rivers flowing into the lakes. At the end of the Early Pleistocene, intensive tectonic uplift led to the rising of the Eastern Kunlun Mt. and made the Mt. protrude onto the Plateau surface. As a result, a fault depression valley formed extending nearly from west to east along the fault belt of the Southern Kunlun Mt. Lakes in this region died out, surface runoffs joined into the valley of the Southern Kunlun Mt. resulting in a large river streaming nearly from west to east. Around 150 kaBP, because of the strong differential movement, rivers, such as the Jialu River and the Golmud River, retrogressively eroded seriously, cutting through the Burhan Budai Mt. Then they pirated the large river and divided it into four portions. Owing to the uplift of the Eastern Kunlun Mt., strongly retrogressive erosion of the upper reaches of the Jialu River has made the watershed of the Buqingshan Mt. migrate 6–10 km southward since Holocene. At present, it remains a stronger trend of retrogressive erosion developing upward to the basin of the Yellow River Source and it seems that the Jialu River is scrambling for the streamhead of the Yellow River.     

Preliminary results of the study on wind erosion in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau using 137Cs technique

The worldwide fallout of caesium-137 (137Cs) associated with the nuclear weapon tests during the 1950s and 1960s has provided a valuable man-made tracer for studies of soil erosion and sediment delivery. But relatively few researchers have used it to estimate wind erosion. In this note, the 137Cs technique is introduced into the studies of wind erosion and its modern processes in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Two 137Cs reference inventories of 982.11 and 2 376.04 Bq·m-2 were established preminarily, distributed in the south and middle-north parts of the studied area respectively. By analyzing the patterns of 137Cs depth profiles from sampling sites, the aeolian processes of erosion and deposition in nearly 40 years have been revealed, i.e. the shrub coppice dunes (S1) and semi-fixed dunefields (S3) experienced the alternation of erosion and deposition, while the grasslands (S4, S6 and S7) and dry farmlands (S5) suffered erosion only. By using 137Cs model, the average wind erosion rates for shrub coppice dune (S1), semi-fixed dune fields (S3), dry farmlands (S5) and grasslands (S4, S6 and S7) were estimated to be 84.14, 69.43, 30.68 and 21.84 t·ha-1·a-1 respectively, averaging 47.59 t·ha-1·a-1 for the whole plateau, which can be regarded as of the medium erosion standard. These results derived from 137Cs for the first time have significant implications for the further research of wind erosion and desertification control in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.     

冀西北地区(坝下)土壤侵蚀卫星遥感应用研究

利用Landsat-5TM图像,分别进行影响土壤侵蚀的各因素解译和基本侵蚀图斑的解译,然后,采用多因子多层次综合评判方法,确定出土壤侵蚀强度等级,进而分析了冀西北山间盆地土壤侵蚀现状以及土壤侵蚀发展趋势.     

甘肃省河流泥沙分布规律研究

对甘肃省主要河流的年输沙量、年侵蚀模数进行了统计分析,阐明河流泥沙的地区分布和时程分布,提出从治理下垫面着手,减少水土流失。     

弯管内气动防磨方法的数值检验及其应用

概述了气动防磨的定义,发展了一种检验弯管内气动防磨方法有效性的数值手段,该检验手段的关键是应用双双流体模型在巾体坐标系下计算弯管内的气固两相流场,提出了两种气动防磨措施并进行了数值检验,结果表明改变弯管进口处颗粒相浓度分布的措施比改变弯管弧度对减少这外壁面磨损更有效。     

Cavitation erosion behavior of WC coatings on CrNiMo stainless steel by laser alloying

The WC powder was precoated on the surface of CrNiMo stainless steel and then made into an alloying layer by using the laser alloying technique. Phases in the layers were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and surface morphologies after cavitation erosion were observed with the help of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The cavitation erosion behavior of the CrNiMo stainless steel and WC laser alloying layer in distilled water was tested with the help of ultrasonic vibration cavitation erosion equipment. The results showed that the thickness of the laser alloying layer was about 0.13 mm. The layer had a dense microstructure, metallurgically bonded to the substrate, and no crack had been found. The cavitation erosion mass loss rate of the laser alloying layer was only 2/5 that of the CrNiMo stainless steel. The layer had better cavitation resistance properties because of its metallurgical combination and the strengthening effects of the precipitate phases.     

排砂管线弯接头的冲蚀机理研究

排砂管线是气体钻井中不可缺少的地面设备之一,在高压高产气井的钻井中存在安全隐患,常规情况下通常
被人们忽略。排砂管线失效主要由高速气流中的固体颗粒冲蚀破坏,通常发生在弯接头部分。针对排砂管线弯接头
的冲蚀失效情况,开展冲蚀破坏机理的理论研究和数学模型研究,对弯接头的冲蚀攻角、冲蚀函数、冲蚀颗粒形状系数
以及固体颗粒的受力状况进行探讨。建立排砂管线弯接头的CFD 有限元模型,可以任意改变弯接头的角度,定量地
模拟不同工况下含有固相颗粒的多相流对弯接头的冲蚀速率和冲蚀机理,对排砂管线在气体极限流量100×104 m3/d
和50×104 m3/d 的工况下,对不同含砂量进行一系列的CFD 仿真模拟,得出冲蚀速率随弯接头角度变化定量的关系曲
线,为弯接头的结构优化设计提供理论依据。     

热采筛管冲蚀与腐蚀迭加作用机理

 利用高温高压反应釜进行冲蚀、腐蚀和冲蚀腐蚀迭加3 种条件下的多元热流体稠油热采防砂筛管损坏模拟实验,采用失重法获得3 种条件下筛管挡砂介质的腐蚀速率,434 金属棉在迭加条件下的腐蚀速率较纯冲蚀条件下提高了75 倍,较纯腐蚀条件下也提高了53%。采用宏观观察、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、能谱仪（EDS）等方法对腐蚀试样进行宏微观分析,发现迭加条件下材质腐蚀程度均比单一条件下显著。结果表明,在迭加作用下筛管材质的腐蚀速率显著高于单纯冲蚀和单纯腐蚀条件。腐蚀作用对机体的损伤以及冲蚀作用对腐蚀保护膜的破坏两方面相互促进,导致筛管材质损伤程度的增加。