北京西山清水期侵蚀及其地貌环境演变

根据马兰期地貌与沉积的分布与其与清水期浸蚀与地貌的关系，推得清水河流域最深侵蚀谷即为清水期侵蚀地貌，由此可以确定清水期侵蚀地貌与沉积在地貌断面上的位置。马兰期堆积有上下２层，按堆积层特征和地层相互推叠关系，断定清水期侵蚀谷内初期充填物的堆积时代大致相当于萨拉乌苏层，时间应在（５￣７）×１０＾４ａＢ．Ｐ．．在此基础上讨论了清水河流域晚更新世以来地貌的成因与演化。     

Temporal and Spatial Conversion Analysis of Soil Erosion in the Three Gorges Region Based on RS and GIS Technique——A Case Study in Kaixian County

In this paper, Kaixian County, situated in the hinterland of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, was selected for the case study. Factors of soil erosion were obtained based on the technique of remote sensing （RS） and geographic information system （GIS）. Combining with field survey, soil erosion data in the years of 1988, 2000 and 2004 which covered the period from the beginning of the Three Gorges Reservoir Project to nowadays were investigated through the judgment model established on soil erosion intensity. With the function of spatial analysis in the geographic information system, the analysis and appraisal of dynamic soil erosion changes were carried out, and the spatial characteristics of the vicious change were highlighted, and the main causes of the vicious change of soil erosion were explored.     

低温烧结3Y-TZP陶瓷的力学性能和耐磨性能

研究了低温烧结 3Y_TZP的烧结性能、力学性能以及耐磨性能 .经成型后的ZrO2(x(Y2 O3 ) =3% )在常压、12 5 0～ 145 0℃温度下 2h烧成 .由于该粉料有很高的烧结活性 ,在 130 0℃低温烧成下就获得了相对密度大于 99%的烧结体 ;在 140 0℃烧成温度下3Y_TZP获得最佳的力学性能和耐磨性能 ,其抗弯强度、断裂韧性和维氏硬度分别达到95 3MPa ,9.1MPa·m1/2 和 12 .7GPa .应力诱导相变是主要的增韧机理 .     

旱地——农业发展的寄托

人口增长和对粮食及纤维的需要增加面对着土地和水资源日益减少,迫使人们把注意力投向旱地农业,即在干燥半湿润和半干旱无灌溉条件下所进行的农业。旱地面积大,又有一定增产潜力,但降水少、侵蚀严重,生态条件脆弱严重地限制了旱地农业发展。发展旱地农业要以充分利用天然降水为基础,采用各种措施如休闲、覆盖、集水和供应营养物质,充分利用和发挥降水的增产效益。     

利用植被和地形信息进行水土流失风险度评价

在影响水土流失过程的众多因素中，选择植被和地形来进行水土流失的风险度评价.试验区域为密云水库上游.利用Landsat-7 ETM＋的影像，在计算归一化差分植被指数NDVI的基础上估算密云水库上游的植被覆盖度;利用栅格数字高程模型DEM，计算地表坡度;根据水利部部颁标准，对植被覆盖度和坡度进行分级.植被覆盖和坡度要素的分级组合形成一个交叉表模型，从而对密云水库上游的水土流失风险情况进行评价并绘制水土流失风险分布图.采用这一方法可以相对快速地度量一个区域水土流失发生的可能性和程度。     

整体式Y型采气井口装置冲蚀规律及量化计算

 国内某油田在应用氮气欠平衡钻井技术以及钻油管技术过程中, 采用钻油管完井一体化井口装置。由于钻完井过程中气体流量大, 高速携岩气流容易造成完井井口装置的冲蚀磨损, 导致井口装置的承压能力下降, 造成井控风险增大, 极易诱发工程安全事故。本文结合冲蚀磨损仿真与缺陷量化计算, 定性、定量地探索整体式Y 型采油树井口携岩气体流动特性及缺陷深度随时间的变化关系, 计算得出不同采油树的安全生产时间, 为整体式Y 型采油树在高压高产气井的安全使用提供了理论依据。研究表明:同等工况条件下, 冲蚀深度随采气量的增大而增大, 随井口压力的增加而减小。     

R油藏改建地下储气库单井注采能力分析

单井注采能力分析是改建地下储气库优化单井产能参数的一项重要研究内容。以R油藏建库为研究对象,采用节点分析方法,模拟计算管流动态。根据协调点、冲蚀临界流量、携液临界流量以及地层压力、地层破裂压力和地面压缩机额定功率的边界限制分别预测了不同油管尺寸的采气能力和注气能力。为合理选择完井油管尺寸和在注采过程中控制井口压力提供了参考。研究结果表明：R油藏改建库采用国际上目前普遍采用的184.2mm油管,其采气能力在185×10⁴～390×10⁴m³/d,注气能力在25×10⁴～295×10⁴m³/d。     

低标准道路绿化对城市大气颗粒物污染的影响

对长沙市的道路绿化情况、道路低空的TSP污染情况和绿化带土壤的侵蚀情况进行研究,对低标准的绿化带进行了数值评价;测定和分析了不同评价数值绿化带土壤侵蚀对道路低空TSP的影响．研究表明：低标准道路绿化与道路低空大气颗粒物污染成正相关,有非常显著意义．对长沙市绿化带年土壤侵蚀量进行计算,约为90t／a．成为长沙市大气颗粒物污染的重要来源．对城市道路绿化提出了修订新标准的建议．     

基于SPH方法高速射流冲刷的模拟

针对有限单元法在处理大变形中的网格重构、网格畸变等问题的困难,采用SPH方法模拟高速射流冲刷过程。SPH方法是一种纯拉格朗日型的无网格粒子法,能够有效地避免大变形中的各种网格问题。采用该种方法主要模拟不同工况下的冲坑发展情况,冲刷对象选LS-DYNA中的MAT147材料模型。计算结果表明采用SPH方法可以形象、直观地反映高速射流冲刷的过程,并且能够清楚地描述粒子速度场和砂床内部压力场的演变,所得结果可以为高速淹没射流的研究提供参考。     

Mineral deformation and subglacial processes on ice-bedrock interface of Hailuogou Glacier

Hailuogou Glacier is located in a warm and humid maritime environment. It is large and moves very fast. The bottom of the glacier slides intensively and the temperature at the bottom approaches the pressure melting point. Therefore, there are abundant melting water and debris which act as effective ＂grinding tools＂ for glacial abrasion. Polarizing microscope is used to observe the mineral deformation characteristics on the ice-bedrock interface. It is found that feldspar, quartz, hornblende and biotite are exposed to deformation, fracture and chemical alteration to various extents. Bending deformation is common for biotite, due to their lattice characteristics, and the bending orientations are mostly the same as the glacier flow. Bending deformation also occurs in a few hornblendes. High-angle tension fracture and low-angle shear fracture are common for quartz and feldspar, some of them are totally crushed （mylonizations） due to their rigidity. Thus, all the abrasion, quarrying, subglacial water action and subglacial dissolution processes at the bottom of the glacier are verified at the micro-scale level. Mineral deformation and fracture are the basic subglacial erosion mechanisms. The abrasion thickness is 30-90 μm for each time and the average is 50 μm. Most of the debris are silt produced by glacial abrasion. The extent of mineral deformation and fracture decreases drastically downwards beneath the bedrock surface. The estimated erosion rate is about 2.2-11.4 mm/a, which is similar to that of other maritime alpine glaciers, smaller than that of large-scale piedmont glaciers in Alaska （10-30 mm/a）, and larger than that of continental glaciers （0.1-1.0 mm/a）. The type and size of a glacier are the main factors that influence its erosion rate.