Life behind cell walls: paradigm lost, paradigm regained

This review of the living cell wall [1] and its protein components is in two parts. The first is anecdotal. A personal account spanning over 40 years research may perhaps be an antidote to one stereotypical view of scientists as detached and humorless. The second part deals with the meaning of function, particularly as it applies to hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins. Function is a difficult word to define objectively. However, with help from such luminaries as Humpty Dumpty: "A word means what I want it to mean, neither more nor less," and Wittgenstein: "Giving examples of usage ... is the only way to talk about meaning," it is possible to construct a ziggurat representing increasingly complex levels of organization from molecular structure to ecology. Forty years ago I suggested that hydroxyproline-rich structural proteins played a key role in cell wall functioning. But because the bulk of the wall is carbohydrate, there has been an understandable resistance to paradigm change. Expansins, paradoxically, contribute greatly to this resistance because their modus operandi as cell-wall-loosening proteins is based on the idea that they break hydrogen bonds between polysaccharide chains allowing slippage. However, this view is not consistent with the recent discovery [Grobe et al. (1999) Eur. J. Biochem 263: 33-40] that β-expansins may be proteases, as it implies that the extensin network is not a straightjacket but a substrate for expansin in muro. Such a direct role for extensins in both negative and positive regulation of cell expansion and elongation may constitute a major morphogenetic mechanism operating at all levels of plant growth and development.     

Mechanisms of self-incompatibility in flowering plants

Self-incompatibility is a widespread mechanism in flowering plants that prevents inbreeding and promotes outcrossing. The self-incompatibility response is genetically controlled by one or more multi-allelic loci, and relies on a series of complex cellular interactions between the self-incompatible pollen and pistil. Although self-incompatibility functions ultimately to prevent self-fertilization, flowering plants have evolved several unique mechanisms for rejecting the self-incompatible pollen. The self-incompatibility system in the Solanaceae makes use of a multi-allelic RNase in the pistil to block incompatible pollen tube growth. In contrast, the Papaveraceae system appears to have complex cellular responses such as calcium fluxes, actin rearrangements, and programmed cell death occurring in the incompatible pollen tube. Finally, the Brassicaceae system has a receptor kinase signalling pathway activated in the pistil leading to pollen rejection. This review highlights the recent advances made towards understanding the cellular mechanisms involved in these self-incompatibility systems and discusses the striking differences between these systems. Received 10 May 2001; received after revision 20 June 2001; accepted 20 June 2001     

茶多酚对肿瘤细胞多药耐药性逆转作用的研究

用免疫组化法和流式细胞仪对肿瘤细胞系MCF－7和MCF－7／Adr的P－糖蛋白表达水平进行定性定量研究。用噻唑蓝比色法（MTT）研究茶多酚的细胞毒性及其对耐药性的逆转作用,并与Pgp抑制剂－奎尼定进行了比较。免疫组化法检测P－糖蛋白表达水平,MCF－7／Adr呈强阳性,而CF－7呈阴性;流式细胞仪定量检测结果MCF－7／Adr细胞系细胞阳性率为15％,MCF－7细胞系细胞阳性率为1.8%。MCF－7／Adr细胞系存在Pgp的过度表达。噻唑蓝比色法（MTT）检测结果茶多酚、奎尼定的加入对阿霉素对MCF－7的细胞毒性几乎没有影响。而茶多酚、奎尼定的加入明显增加了MCF－U／Adr对阿霉素的敏感性。免疫组化与流式细胞技术结合,可用于肿瘤细胞系P－糖蛋白表达水平的定性定量检测。茶多酚不仅具有一定的抗癌活性,还与奎尼定一样具有多药耐药性逆转作用。     

一种不经意的基于数字签名的电子信封

提出了基于Schnorr签名及基于Elgamal签名的不经意的电子信封方案,并且在计算性Diffe—Hellman假设下证明了其安全性．即在计算性Diffe—Hellman假设成立的条件下,不持有可信第三方签名的接收者不能计算出共享密钥,因而不能得到消息,且偷听者不能恢复Diffe—Hellman方案的共享密钥．所提协议仅对原签名做少许改变,不需要第三方参与,具有较高效率．此方案给OSBE提供了一种新的选择,也为OSBE在移动代理的应用提供了可能。     

浅谈建筑围护结构节能技术

在当下能源环境下,建筑节能技术在实际工程中的实施中已占有一席之地。本文旨在通过对围护结构的节能技术的讨论来介绍在实际应用中能够发挥作用的设计与方案。     

二元新基体—8-羟基喹啉/2,5-二羟基苯甲酸在激光解吸/电离飞行时间质谱分析糖蛋白中的应用

 采用8-羟基喹啉（8-HQ）、新二元基体8-HQ /2,5 二羟基苯甲酸(DHB)、实验室常用基体3,5-二甲氧基-4-羟基肉桂酸（SA）和 DHB 对糖蛋白A和糖蛋白B进行基体辅助激光解吸/电离质谱（MALDI-MS）分析。结果发现,虽然单一的8-HQ不能有效电离此两种糖蛋白,但由8-HQ和DHB组成的二元基体在优化的基体配比和合适的点样方式下,能极大地改善单一DHB基体和样品的共结晶状况,成功地解吸/电离糖蛋白样品。应用8-HQ/DHB能够解决常用基体SA及DHB不能分析某些实际糖蛋白样品的问题,为MALDI-MS分析糖蛋白提供新的基体选择。     

夏热冬冷地区高层住宅围护结构节能设计策略

提出了夏热冬冷地区高层住宅围护结构节能设计中的问题：一是建筑围护结构的保温性不足,二是窗户的密闭性不能满足要求,三是室内空气质量与建筑节能的矛盾,四是高层住宅应对环境变化的能力不足．进而提出解决高层住宅围护结构节能设计的基本策略．     

疏浚淤泥流动固化土的三轴剪切试验研究

为了分析高含水率疏浚淤泥流动固化土的强度特性,对疏浚淤泥流动固化土进行了三轴剪切试验研究.通过三轴试验仪,开展了不同配比和不同龄期的流动固化土的固结不排水(CU)三轴剪切试验.结果表明,疏浚淤泥流动固化土的抗剪强度包线由双折线组成,屈服前的强度包线与水平轴近似平行(平均夹角为4.8°),屈服后的强度包线与水平轴夹角增加...     

运用植物降温机制的围护结构防热设计

通过对植物降温机制进行分类梳理,阐述植物降温机制与建筑围护结构传热方式的联系;同时,对现有的相关研究及应用进行归纳总结,提出基于植物降温机制的围护结构防热设计方法.研究结果表明:运用植物降温机制的围护结构防热设计具有独特的适应性.     

旋叶式压缩机叶片运动学理论研究与仿真

分析了叶片偏置式旋叶式压缩机的优势,用等距曲线的包络原理,将叶片的运动简化为叶片主圆弧圆心的运动,对叶片偏置式旋叶式压缩机建立起叶片运动学模型,导出了叶片位移、叶片速度及叶片加速度与转子转角的关系,并由获得的理论进行了仿真分析,该方法避免了求叶片接触点的复杂过程,同时具有求解的精确性。由于偏置式叶片与对心式叶片其运动学特征有较大的差异,对叶片偏置式旋叶式压缩机的叶片运动分析,不能简单地采用对心式叶片的分析方法,由简化方法计算分析所获得的结论不能表明所研究缸体型线具有的运动学和动力学特性。对广泛应用的偏置式旋叶式压缩机叶片的运动学提出了科学符实的理论计算方法,对实现高容积效率和高效压缩的多段组合的缸体型线的创新,提供了可靠分析的理论基础,拓宽了旋叶式压缩机的设计理论。