Grape vine physiology: the contribution of culture in vitro

Conclusion In the area of cell and tissue physiology, the grape vine has been a major reference material. As with all woody perennials, in vitro technologies are relatively delicate. Nevertheless, remarkable progress has produced a situation where, during the past ten years, practical application of results from in vitro work has been envisaged. Reciprocal understanding has yet to be established between scientists developing micropropagation (multiplication with conformity to type) and those using in vitro methods for variety improvement (multiplication for novelty of type). I am convinced that the future should not see one of these objectives dominating the other. On the contrary, certain technologies should be developed to ensure a framework for conformity of propagation and others to obtain greater variability with the goal of plant improvement. This will render effective the two applications considered.     

牛体外受精胚胎移植的应用研究

探讨了利用牛ＩＶＦ技术,在国外生产纯种肉牛胚胎运用国内进行大批量移植后受体母牛的妊娠率及产犊情况,共移植受体母牛１５８头,妊娠率（９０ｄ）为２１．４％￣４８．５％,共计产纯种犊牛５５头,５￣８日龄胚移植给发情第７ｄ的母牛能够得到较高的妊娠率（４３．８％￣５０．０％）,受体母牛在前两交伯移植妊娠率（３０．０％￣３５．０％）,明显高于第三次（１５．４％）以后的妊娠高,研究结果证实,在国外生产的的占ＩＶ     

哈密翼龙及其3D胚胎化石研究

 翼龙是地球上第一类飞向天空也是唯一绝灭的飞行脊椎动物,人类对其产卵繁殖、生长发育和生活习性等方面的了解还十分有限。本文介绍了一件超过200枚哈密翼龙蛋、胚胎和骨骼化石三位一体保存的重要标本,包括16枚翼龙蛋含有三维立体的胚胎化石。针对这件全世界首次发现的3D翼龙胚胎,研究提出哈密翼龙具有相对早熟的胚胎发育模式,其后肢发育速度较前肢快,孵化之后只能走不能飞;胚胎发育期间牙齿尚未萌出,出生后还需要父母照料;从胚胎到亚成年都具有快速生长的骨骼结构;显示哈密翼龙具有群居的生活习性,白垩纪的湖泊风暴导致其集群死亡并快速埋藏。     

IGF-Ⅰ及其受体在牛体外受精早期胚胎中的表达

采用成分明确的体外培养系统产生牛体外受精胚胎,结合荧光免疫定位的方法,利用激光共聚焦成像系统研究了在牛卵母细胞及不同发育阶段早期胚胎中IGF-Ⅰ及其受体的表达.结果表明,IGF-Ⅰ及其受体从未成熟的卵母细胞、成熟的卵母细胞到早期胚胎发育的各个阶段均有表达,在COC的颗粒细胞中也有表达.IGF-I在成熟卵母细胞中主要定位于细胞膜附近,在未成熟卵母细胞、2细胞期胚胎中分布于细胞膜及膜下区域,在8细胞期胚胎和桑椹胚中分布于整个细胞质中,在囊胚阶段主要位于滋胚层,内细胞团细胞有少量的表达.IGF-IR在未成熟卵母细胞和成熟卵母细胞以及2细胞、8细胞期胚胎中集中分布于卵裂球远离胚胎中心的细胞膜上,在桑椹胚期时遍布于整个胚胎细胞的细胞质中,在囊胚期时主要分布在滋胚层,内细胞团细胞有少量表达.     

小麦幼胚愈伤组织诱导及植株再生

选取 2 3个品种 (系 )及 8个杂交组合F1的幼胚作为供试材料 ,取 12～ 16日龄的幼胚接种在附加 2 ,4 -D2 0mg/L和 6 -BA 1 0mg/L的MS培养基上 ,诱导 3～ 5d后所有供试材料都具有愈伤组织。筛选出适宜的继代培养基为 :MS +2 ,4 -D 4 0mg/L +NAA 0 5mg/L +LH 5 0 0mg/L +0 5 %蔗糖 +0 85 %琼脂 ;大穗 2、昌乐 2号、抗锈 2 0 4、品系 38等材料愈伤组织生长较好。植株再生适宜的培养基为 1/2MS +NAA 0 5mg/L +6 -BA0 5mg/L +0 3%蔗糖 +0 85 %琼脂。抗锈 2 0 4、昌乐 2号、优 2 6 5 /昌乐 2号、优 2 6 5 /京选 6号、优 2 6 5 /有芒白 4号等 5个供试材料分化率较高 ;杂交胚与常规品种比较 ,幼苗分化率表现出较强的杂种优势     

Introduction of rice chitinase gene into wheat via low energy Ar+ beam implantation

A chitinase gene (RCH8) in plasmid vector pCAMBIA1308 was delivered into 3 wheat cultivars (Yangmai 158, Wan 9210, Wanmai 32) by low energy Ar⁺ beam-mediated method. Preliminary calli from treated mature embryos were first selected on hygromycin (Hm, 20 or 30 mg/L) containing medium. After the resistant calli formed, they were transferred to the regeneration medium with 10 or 20 mg/L Hm. All the three wheat varieties obtained transgenic plants. PCR and PCR-Southern assays showed that most plants regenerated from the resistant calli were positive transgenic plants. Southern blot of the positive green plants confirmed stable integration of alien DNA into wheat genome. The plant transformation frequencies varied with the variety and ion dose implanted. Wanmai 32 possessed the highest transformation frequency, reaching 3.8% at a suitable implantation dose. The transformation frequency of Yangmai 158 and Wan 9210 varied from 0.5% to 2.5% and from 0.5% to 1.4%, respectively. Progeny test for resistance to wheat scab showed that the leaf extract of R₁ generation inhibited the growth of wheat scab strain R₀ and F₁₅.     

EMS对枇杷花药胚状体细胞有丝分裂的影响

采用不同浓度的EMS对枇杷花药胚状体进行离体诱变,并以未诱变的材料作对照,对其引起的细胞学效应进行了研究．结果表明：在EMS诱变过的材料中均观察到一定数量的染色体畸变;球胚细胞中随着EMS浓度的升高有丝分裂指数降低,而染色体畸变率升高．胚性细胞与球胚细胞中有相同的变化趋势,但各自的分裂指数和染色体畸变率并不相同．     

非极性表面活性剂对小鼠早期胚胎冷冻保护作用的初步研究

许多研究者报道了某些非极性表面活性剂在防止蛋白质低温冷冻变性方面有着明显的效果．本研究就某些非极性表面活性剂对胚胎的防冻作用作了初步探索．方法是分别将不同浓度的两种表面活性剂Ｐｏｌｙｓｔｅｎ２０（Ｐ２０）和ＳＹ－ｇｌｙｓｔｅｒＭＬ－７５０（ＭＬ７５０）添加于改进的磷酸缓冲液（ＰＢ１）和本研究采用的防冻液（ＦＳ：ＰＢ１＋３ｍｏｌ乙烯二醇＋０．２５ｍｏｌ乳糖）中，处理小鼠早期胚２０ｍｉｎ后培养并观察对胚胎发育的影响，以确定它们对胚胎的临界安全浓度（ＣＳＣ）．在ＰＢ１中，两种表面活性剂的ＣＳＣ值均为０．５％，而在ＦＳ中，则为０．０５％．然后将两种表面活性剂Ｐ２０和ＭＬ７５０分别以０．０５％和０．０３％两种浓度添加于ＦＳ中，以ＦＳ作为对照组．在室温下平衡处理小鼠桑椹胚和早期囊胚５ｍｉｎ后连同防冻液一起装入塑料冷冻细管中．在液氮蒸气（－１７０℃）中预冷冻１ｍｉｎ后即投入液氮内保存．在３８℃水浴中快速解冻并去除防冻剂后在Ｗｈｉｔｔｅｎ培养液中培养２４ｈ．分别观察和统计冷冻－解冻胚的形态正常率和发育率．结果表明：处理组与对照组在冷冻－解冻胚形态正常率方面无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５），而添加０．０３％Ｐ＿２Ｏ或ＭＬ７５０的两