河南郑州白鹭的繁殖习性

于 2 0 0 0～ 2 0 0 3年繁殖季节对河南郑州市区白鹭的生态习性进行了研究 ,结果表明白鹭于每年 4月上旬至 8月底在市区营巢繁殖 ,在营巢地居留期约 1 45 d.白鹭窝卵数为 5 .1 4± 0 .69( 4～ 6)枚 ,出雏数为4.43± 1 .2 7( 2～ 6)只 ,孵化期为 2 5 .1 4± 0 .69( 2 4～ 2 6) d.孵化率为 86.1 1 % ,育雏期约 42 d,雏鸟滞留巢区比荒野地长 1 0 d左右 .雏鸟 2 0日龄统计成活率为 87.1 0 % ,雏鸟死亡原因多为恶劣气候条件所致 ,如大风、暴雨等     

Lorenz曲线及其在植物生态研究中的应用

由Lorenz曲线派生的基尼系数和洛伦茨不对称系数在植物生态研究中可用来描述植物大小或其它数量性状的不均匀性，以揭示不同环境条件下植物数量性状在群体中的分布特性和生态学意义。笔者介绍了这两个参数以及用Jackknife和Bootstrap两种重新取样法来估算该统计量的精度和误差的数学计算方法，并采用作者自行开发的统计软件，对盐胁迫条件下Iris hexagona天然群体生长和繁殖性状进行了不均匀性分析。结果表明，Iris hexagona植株的地上部分生物量、地下部分生物量和总生物量随盐浓度的增加均呈递减趋势，但不均匀性均呈递增趋势。盐胁迫对植株个体间花量的不均匀性影响不大，而植株在浓度为2和4μg／g的盐胁迫条件下，个体间种子数量的不均匀性下降。另外，Iris hexagona两个繁殖性状的不均匀性均远大于生长性状的不均匀性。基尼系数揭示了均值背后隐藏的生物学意义，它直接反映了植物数量性状在植株间的不均匀性的程度，但产生不均匀性的原因可能包括遗传、生理和(或)生态等因素。若要从遗传角度弄清其本质，需要进行分子生物学特别是有关植物数量性状基因位点及其与环境互作等方面的研究。     

城市生态环境规划的原理与模拟探析

在剖析城市演化历程中的功能变迁与导引的生态环境滞胀类型和危害的基础上,着重利用系统生态学的原理和方法,探讨了可持续发展要求下的城市生态环境规划的目标、原理和研究的内容、方法及过程;提出了以产业结构、土地利用结构和空间格局的调整为核心制定城市生态环境规划的总体思路;创造性地融大气扩散、雨水沉降和植被吸纳SO₂,NO_x及TSP等污染物模型与经济、人口和碳氧平衡等模型于一体,构建了案例城市广州的生态环境综合调控模型,并借助DYNAMO语言模拟得到了广州市未来生态环境规划的优化方案。     

Baronia brevicornis caterpillars build shelters to avoid predation

In at least 18 Lepidoptera families, caterpillars build shelters that mainly serve to regulate microclimate (humidity, temperature) and/or to avoid predation. We aimed to explore the function of the tubular structures built with the leaves of the host plant, Acacia cochliacantha Humboldt and Bonpland ex Willdenow (Fabaceae), by a lepidopteran endemic to Mexico, Baronia brevicornis Salvin. We experimentally evaluated whether tubular structure building behaviour is induced by high temperature or predator odour, and if shelters reduce or enhance predation of B. brevicornis caterpillars. We used Calosoma angulatum as predator. Our analyses showed that caterpillars did not make the tubular structures in response to high temperature. We also found no difference in predators’ visual recognition of sheltered versus unsheltered caterpillars. Caterpillars did not build shelters but they moved more often when exposed to predator odour. Unsheltered caterpillars were more frequently consumed when predators were allowed to interact with sheltered and unsheltered caterpillars. Hence, the tubular structures built by B. brevicornis are most likely a strategy for reducing predation, for example by C. angulatum.     

Arboreality predicts Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection level in tropical direct-developing frogs

Pathogen-mediated changes in host behaviour can result from hosts altering their habitat preferences. Although infection risk with pathogenic fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in amphibians is associated with environments favouring its growth, the relationship with microhabitat use has not been examined. Here, we aim to determine if microhabitats used by frogs during their nocturnal activity predict B. dendrobatidis prevalence and infection intensity. Our focal host, Eleutherodactylus coqui, is a habitat generalist that uses multiple habitats from the forest floor to the canopy. We analysed data on B. dendrobatidis occurrence in 157 adults and 122 juveniles at El Yunque National forest in Puerto Rico. We categorized each individual’s nocturnal microhabitat as forest floor, curled palm fronds in the floor, arboreal bromeliads and foliage or tree trunks 50 cm to 2.5 m above ground. We found that frogs on the forest floor had the greatest B. dendrobatidis prevalence (73%), compared with those active in vegetation above ground (55%). Overall, the probability of B. dendrobatidis infection in frogs using microhabitats on the forest floor was twice as great as for those on arboreal substrates. Differences in B. dendrobatidis prevalence and intensity in E. coqui may be explained by specific abiotic conditions of microenvironments (temperature and humidity) affecting both pathogen and host, and by the age-specific ecological requirements of hosts. Adults were found to be most active in microhabitats where individuals had lower infection burdens, suggesting pathogen-modulated habitat choice. This work has important implications for the evolutionary dynamics of enzootic diseases and provides data that may inform potential mitigation strategies against a generalist amphibian pathogen.     

The reproductive ecology of Leptodactylus fuscus (Anura,Leptodactylidae): new data from natural temporary ponds in the Brazilian Cerrado and a review throughout its distribution

Recent studies indicate that populations historically called Leptodactylus fuscus (Schneider, 1799) comprise at least three well‐differentiated lineages. Herein, we describe the reproductive ecology of a southeastern clade population of L. fuscus, and review the characters of the reproductive ecology for several populations of the northern and southeastern clades. Most reproductive activity occurred in December and January, which coincided with the highest rainfall period. Males had an aggregated spatial distribution in the central area of the ponds. Three courtship interactions were observed. A female was observed closing the entrance to a burrow with moist sand after oviposition. This behaviour is described for the first time in L. fuscus. The review of the reproductive biology of the northern and southeastern clades indicates a relatively high plasticity in L. fuscus. Furthermore, the results corroborate the suggestion, based on molecular data, that the northern and southeastern clades of L. fuscus represent distinct evolutionary units.     

Species of Oswaldella Stechow, 1919 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Kirchenpaueriidae) from US Antarctic expeditions,with the description of three new species

Seventeen species of the genus Oswaldella Stechow have been studied, three of which are new to science (Oswaldella frigida sp. nov., O. medeae sp. nov. and O. monomammillata sp. nov.). The material studied was collected by several US Antarctic expeditions. Each species is described and figured, the systematic position amongst allied species is discussed and available data concerning autecology and geographical distribution are given. The remaining eight known species of the genus are also considered, regarding synonymy, autecology and geographical distribution. Finally, a general survey of the bathymetrical and biogeographical distribution of the known species of Oswaldella is given.     

Ostracod fauna of salt Lake Acıgöl (Acı Tuz) (Turkey)

Lakes and wetlands in Mediterranean regions are overexploited and contaminated without sufficient local governmental control. The biodiversity of Salt Lake Ac?göl (Turkey), an internationally recognized ecosystem, is presently endangered by management plans. This study aims to analyse the ostracod community to establish its ecological status as a base for future paleoecological studies using ostracods to reconstruct the recent evolution of this wetland. Samples were collected seasonally and 13 species were recorded. Multivariate classification and ordination statistical methods revealed a major difference between assemblages related to the relative abundance of species tolerant of desiccation vs. species preferring permanent waters. Cyprideis torosa, mainly found in saline, low diversity sites, is a euryhaline species regarded as an indicator of future lake conditions if inappropriate water resource management continues.     

论中国传统城市的环境观

文章针对当前城市化进程加快所带来的某些弊端 ,通过对传统城市选址的分析与归纳,指出传统城市的生存与发展是与自然环境和协共处的结果,城市与自然是共存、共荣、共生的统一体.进而使人们认识到今天的"可持续发展" 战略是人类走向21世纪的必由之路.     

城市生物多样性保护的景观生态学原理和方法

景观生态学以景观为研究对象，强调景观结构和功能对生态过程的影响，重视景观中生物群落与主要环境条件之间错综复杂的因果反馈关系．因此，在城市生物多样性保护中，导入景观生态学的理念和方法，必将为城市生物多样性的保护提供新的思路和视角．城市生物多样性保护的景观生态学原理主要包括斑块一廊道一基质模式、景观多样性和景观异质性、景观连接度及景观连通性以及景观生态规划格局原理等．城市生物多样性的保护要从城市园林斑块的建设、席道的规划设计、城市绿色生态网络的构建以及大型的城郊森林斑块和环城森林带建设入手．