Evolutionary and ecological implications of cardenolide sequestration in the monarch butterfly

Summary Monarch butterflies sequester cardenolides from their larval host plants in the milkweed genusAsclepias for use in defense against predation. Of 108Asclepias species in North America, monarchs are known to feed as larvae on 27. Research on 11 of these has shown that monarchs sequester cardenolides most effectively, to an asymptote of approximately 350 g/0.1 g dry butterfly, from plants with intermediate cardenolide contents rather than from those with very high or very low cardenolide contents. SinceAsclepias host plant species are distributed widely in space and time across the continent, monarchs exploit them by migration between breeding and overwintering areas. After overwintering in central Mexico, spring migrants east of the Rocky Mountains exploit three predominantAsclepias species in the southern USA that have moderately high cardenolide contents. Monarchs sequester cardenolides very effectively from these species. First generation butterflies are thus well protected against predators and continue the migration north. Across the northern USA and southern Canada most summer breeding occurs on a fourthAsclepias species and in autumn most of these monarchs migrate back to Mexican overwintering sites. The ecological implications of this cycle of cardenolide sequestration for the evolution of monarch migration are discussed.     

城市化途径及其相关

对城市化途径有关各要素作了综合的叙述,并且指出研究的手段──自人口的聚集至城镇形成发展这一历史的纵剖面及地域、产业结构等横向有关要素作整体系统的分析与比较,并指出应重点研究人口指标分析、产业可比关系、城市化和城市化设施,以及城市体系的研究问题。     

基于改进RPN的孪生小样本电力目标检测

为了解决当前电力系统巡检难度大、效率低、数据不足以支撑大规模训练的问题,提出一种基于孪生网络的小样本检测方法。首先,在Faster RCNN(faster region convolutional neural network)目标识别算法的框架下,搭建支持图片和查询图片共享的孪生网络模型;然后,利用改进的RPN(region proposal network)模块产生更高质量的proposals;最后,在检测头上对支持图片和查询图片的RoI(region of interest)进行关联匹配。结果表明,将算法应用于自主构建的EPD(electric power detection)数据集,在仅利用10张支持图片的情况下,就能实现对电力背景下鸟巢异物和绝缘子相关类别的检测,检测指标mAP达到18.92%。与其他算法相比,应用于电力行业目标检测的孪生网络小样本模型,在极端小样本情况下性能优良,同时具有更加轻量化的优势,可为电力检测新方法研究提供参考。     

云南楚雄市鸟类多样性的研究

对楚雄市鸟类栖息环境：即城市市区,城市绿化区,工矿区,农田耕作区,自然保护区的调查,共记录鸟类７２种,隶属于１３目２６科,总计１１４２只个体,并运用物种多样性测定法（Ｓｈａｎｎｏｎｗｅａｖｅｒ指数和Ｓｉｍｐｓｎ指数）评价各环境中鸟类多样性,讨论了有关鸟类物种多样性与栖息环境的关系及其与人类活动干扰程度的关系．     

花旗竿属(Dontostemon)植物的区系地理成分及其生态地理分布规律的分析

依据植物标本及有关文献资料,绘制了花旗竿属各个种的分布区图,从而确定了每个种的区系地理成分和该属的多度中心,同时对该属植物的生态地理分布规律做了研究     

贺兰山苔藓植物物种多样性,生物量及生态学作用的研究

研究了贺兰山不同海拔高度主要林型种苔藓植物物种多样性,生物量和生态学作用,结果表明,云杉林下藓类地层的生物量最高,９１４７．７ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２,是林灌木和草本植物总生物量的９．２倍,在饱和吸水状态下,可贮存水２０１７４．５ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２,通过随机取样按海拔高度,林型和土壤类型等梯度对贺兰苔藓植物被进行了调查,影响苔藓植物生长和分布的主要生态因子是光照,相对湿度,海拔高度和土壤ｐＨ对出现在群落中包拓苔     

区域生态环境评价中的几个理论问题

提出区域生态环境评价应包括自然生态环境评价与社会生态环境评价,建立了新的评价系统。分析了宏观评价区域生态环境的简明方法——主导因子法,并讨论了主导因子法的应用和研制区域可持续发展目标应注意的问题。从理论上和方法上为研究区域生态环境提出一些新的认识。     

Ecological long-term effects of cultigens becoming feral and of naturalization of non-native species

Transgenic cultigens may become feral as we know of some non-transgenic cultigens. The article explains two basic ways how cultigens become feral: through hybridization with a closely related wild plant and through revert to the wild-type. A long list of examples of cultigens becoming feral in Central Europe is presented. The process of becoming feral is compared to the naturalization of non-native species (Exotic Species Model). Ecological long-term effects of both cultigens becoming feral and non-native species being naturalized are discussed with special regard to the predictability of such events. The ecological aspects discussed in the article are as significant for transgenic cultigens as for non-transgenic cultigens.     

大熊猫主食竹群落系统生态学过程研究进展

大熊猫主食竹是大熊猫生存繁衍的基础，同时也是大熊猫栖息地林下最为优势的层片，深刻影响着大熊猫主食竹群落系统生态功能的发挥。目前，各专家学者围绕大熊猫主食竹的生物量生产、制约大熊猫主食竹生物量生产的生物因素和非生物因素、大熊猫主食竹群落系统的养分循环、大熊猫主食竹种群的克隆生长与群落更新、大熊猫主食竹开花机理假说等方面作了大量的研究，但研究结果还具有许多不确定性，这对大熊猫主食竹群落系统生态学过程的深入了解还非常不够，同时也很难满足大熊猫及其栖息地保护的需要。因此，建议在以后的研究中，加强不同环境条件下大熊猫主食竹生物量生产以及养分循环的动态研究、大熊猫主食竹克隆生长与群落更新互动过程的研究以及大熊猫主食竹开花机理的控制实验研究。     

保护建设生态环境 促进山西经济可持续发展

生态环境问题已成为一个世界性的问题。针对山西生态环境存在的问题。提出了加强山西环境保护和治理的对策与措施。指出必须从思想上、制度上、法规上正确处理山西经济发展与环境保护的关系，走生态经济发展之路，促进山西经济持续、协调、健康发展。