池莉小说中的女性柔情

从女作家的性别出发,众多评论性的文章或者认定池莉从事的是中性写作,或者就池莉的所谓女权主义大作文章。本文拟撇开这些评论视角,从池莉重客观、重体验的写作特色以及传统的“阳刚阴柔”的审美认知角度简析一下池莉小说中的女性柔情。     

论戴厚英小说的叙事视角

根据热拉尔·热奈特有关小说的叙事视角的三种基本类型理论,研究戴厚英小说的叙事视角,认为戴厚英小说的叙事视角主要有零聚焦型和内聚焦型,且经历了从单一叙事视角到多元叙事视角的转化,这正好与新时期小说叙事视角的转化相契合,其创作对新时期小说写作技巧的丰富与变化具有一定的影响。     

Re-examining the impact of European astronomy in seventeenth-century China: a study of Xue Fengzuo’s system of thought and his integration of Chinese and Western knowledge

ABSTRACT

During the late Ming and early Qing period, Jesuit missionaries introduced European science into China, and thereby profoundly influenced the later development of Chinese astronomy. Not only did European astronomy become the official system of the Qing dynasty, but the traditional way to ‘attain up above’ by connecting the study of astronomy and Yi learning gradually fell into disuse. However, the astronomers in this period expressed different views on these two processes. As one of the most important early Qing astronomers, Xue Fengzuo’s case presents a distinctive and important example. Firstly, under the influences of both Chinese tradition and European science, Xue Fengzuo rebuilt the way to ‘attain up above’ based on his three-fold ‘calendrical learning’, i.e. calendrical astronomy, astrology and related pragmatic applications, through which he could realize the highest Confucian ideal. Secondly, he integrated Chinese and Western knowledge for all three aspects of his ‘calendrical learning’, instead of ceding the dominant position to Western methods. From Xue Fengzuo’s example, many of the complex effects of the encounter between different cultures and the process of knowledge transfer can be revealed.     

Genetic models in brain and behavior research,part IV

Four reviews on the the role of developmental factors in hypertension are introduced and set in historical context. Recent research in the laboratory rat has shown that the preweaning environment makes an important contribution to the level of blod-pressure reached in adult life in genetic models of hypertension. Both of the most commonly used models of hypertension, the SHR and SS/Jr rat strains, exhibit lower BP in adult life, if they are fostered shortly after birth to mothers from their normotensive control strains. It has been suggested that it is the idiosyncratic maternal behavior of the hypertensive mothers which contributes to the elevated BP of their offspring, and it has been amply demonstrated that there is an association between a constellation of behaviors emitted by rat mothers and the adult BP of their offspring in a wide variety of genetic groups (inbred hypertensive animals, F1's and F2's). In addition to the above, maternal environment has been demonstrated to have a significant impact on the pathophysiological response of hypertensive animals to a high salt diet. Being raised by an SHR mother, versus an SS/Jr mother, increases the magnitude of BP increases to a high salt diet, susceptibility to hemorrhagic stroke, body weight loss and the risk of mortality. A variety of physiological systems are undergoing rapid change during the preweaning period and may mediate the effects of differences in the maternal environment. These include the renin-angiotensin system and the peripheral sympathetic nervous system. Nutritional factors may be involved in all of the phenomena referred to above. Thus, any physiological mechanisms that are proposed to link maternal behavior to its effects on the physiology of adult animals should recognize the involvement of nutritional factors. Research on the role of developmental factors such as maternal behavior in genetic models of hypertension is at the interface of two growing disciplines: behavior genetics and developmental psychobiology. The methodological and conceptual contributions of these fields to advancing our understanding of these phenomena is emphasized.     

Between Kepler and Newton: Hooke’s ‘principles of congruity and incongruity’ and the naturalization of mathematics

ABSTRACT

Robert Hooke’s development of the theory of matter-as-vibration provides coherence to a career in natural philosophy which is commonly perceived as scattered and haphazard. It also highlights aspects of his work for which he is rarely credited: besides the creative speculative imagination and practical-instrumental ingenuity for which he is known, it displays lucid and consistent theoretical thought and mathematical skills. Most generally and importantly, however, Hooke’s ‘Principles?…?of Congruity and Incongruity of bodies’ represent a uniquely powerful approach to the most pressing challenge of the New Science: legitimizing the application of mathematics to the study of nature. This challenge required reshaping the mathematical practices and procedures; an epistemological framework supporting these practices; and a metaphysics which could make sense of this epistemology. Hooke’s ‘Uniform Geometrical or Mechanical Method’ was a bold attempt to answer the three challenges together, by interweaving mathematics through physics into metaphysics and epistemology. Mathematics, in his rendition, was neither an abstract and ideal structure (as it was for Kepler), nor a wholly-flexible, artificial human tool (as it was for Newton). It drew its power from being contingent on the particularities of the material world.     

疼痛的神经生物学--理解大脑机制及神经疾病治疗的机理

中枢神经系统的神经元和突触具有可塑性,他们能够发生贯穿整个生命过程的长时程改变。研究这种长时程变化的分子和细胞学机制,不仅可以帮助我们了解大脑如何学习和储存新的知识,而且还可以揭示机体损伤后病理变化的机制。我认为,一方面学习和记忆等生理学功能的神经机制可能与大脑在疼痛期间的反常或机体损伤相关的变化过程共用一些信号分子;另一方面,一些不参与认知学习和记忆过程的突触和神经元网络机制也可能与疼痛的病理过程相关。伤害性感受可以从脊髓传递到前脑并在不同水平受到调节。其中,前扣带脑皮质(anterior cingulate cortex,ACC)在痛觉的感受和调节中具有重要作用。我们的实验结果表明,ACC中的N-甲基-D-门冬氨酸(NMDA)受体依赖的、钙／钙调蛋白激活的腺苷酸环化酶(adenylyl cyclases,AC)(ACl和ACB)在慢性痛的表达过程中起着重要的作用。ACC还可以通过激活内源性易化系统影响脊髓背角的痛觉信号传递。这些结果为机体对损伤的生理反应如痛行为反应、情绪变化和不良记忆等提供了重要的突触和分子水平的机制。加强对疼痛机制研究,会带动中国的神经科学的基础和临床研究。     

清末民初化学教科书中元素译名的演变--化学元素译名的确立之研究(一)

选取了从1901年制定《化学名目与命名法》到1932年颁布《化学命名原则》这段时期中32本化学教科书，在对83种元素的汉译名进行统计分析的基础上发现：第一，化学教科书中元素汉译名的使用具有明显的时段特征，即1901～1920年多数采纳徐寿的译名，1921～1932年基本采纳1915年《无机化学命名草案》中的译名。第二，在一些重要元素H、N、0、F、Cl、C、P、Hg的译名上，前一时段采纳较多的轻、淡、餐、弗、缘、炭、嶙、汞的译名，在后一时段改而采纳氢、氮、氧、氟、氯、碳、磷、銾的译名。结论中对赖特关于术语竞争的觅母说提出质疑。     

参数自适应的随机早期检测算法

随机早期检测(Random Early Detection，RED)是一种广泛应用于包交换网络的主动队列管理技术，它通过保持较小的平均队列长度，在缓冲区溢出前主动丢包，降低路由器的丢包率，保持较低的服务延迟，避免缓冲区锁定，提高网络的利用率。但是RED严重依赖于参数的设置。该文根据保持网络流量平稳的丢包率和路由队列的变化提出了一种自适应地调节参数的RED改进算法。模拟实验的结果表明，自适应地调节参数提高了RED的适应性，降低了数据包排队延时和丢包率，提高了链路利用率。     

干线公交优先信号协调控制方法

为了解决在干线协调控制中,采用绿灯延长、红灯早断等方法实施公交优先可能破坏干线协调的交通流问题,提出了干线公交信号优先的2层优化方法,上层为干线协调控制,下层为公交优先控制.在干线协调层面,以检测器检测到的社会车辆流量数据优化公共周期、绿信比和相位差;在公交优先层面,以协调相位绿波带上下限作为配时参数调整的约束条件,在...     

新型促凝剂DWA改善固井水泥低温性能的实验

模拟深水固井低温环境,考察新型锂盐复合类促凝剂DWA对固井水泥浆稠化时间、静胶凝强度和抗压强度的影响。结果表明:促凝剂DWA能促进固井水泥的低温水化能力,缩短水泥浆稠化时间,明显缩短稠度30～100 Bc、静胶凝强度48～240 Pa的时间,显著提高水泥石早期抗压强度,表现出优异的低温早强、防窜性能,有助于解决深水固井面临的低温、浅层水-气流动难题;DWA促凝作用优于CaCl2,对水泥浆初始稠度无影响,是一种无副作用的新型多功能促凝剂。