Philosophy of chemistry and the image of science

The philosophical analysis of chemistry has advanced at such a pace during the last dozen years that the existence of philosophy of chemistry as an autonomous discipline cannot be doubted any more. The present paper will attempt to analyse the experience of philosophy of chemistry at the, so to say, meta-level. Philosophers of chemistry have especially stressed that all sciences need not be similar to physics. They have tried to argue for chemistry as its own type of science and for a pluralistic understanding of science in general. However, when stressing the specific character of chemistry, philosophers do not always analyse the question ‘What is science?’ theoretically. It is obvious that a ‘monistic’ understanding of science should not be based simply on physics as the epitome of science, regarding it as a historical accident that physics has obtained this status. The author’s point is that the philosophical and methodological image of science should not be chosen arbitrarily; instead, it should be theoretically elaborated as an idealization (theoretical model) substantiated on the historical practice of science. It is argued that although physics has, in a sense, justifiably obtained the status of a paradigm of science, chemistry, which is not simply a physical science, but a discipline with a dual character, is also relevant for elaborating a theoretical model of science. The theoretical model of science is a good tool for examining various issues in philosophy of chemistry as well as in philosophy of science or science studies generally.     

磁路参量探讨

建议引出磁容、磁感、磁阻、磁导、磁动势等参量。建立了等效路上的对偶性定理。讨论了近十种重要的推理或应用。     

基于对偶基的比特并行算法实现RS编码

以DVB-C系统中的RS编码为例，参照Berlekamp比特串行乘法器，提出了一种基于对偶基的比特并行乘法器的方法来实现RS编码器，可以达到较高的吞吐率，从而可以采用FTGA／CPLD实现高速RS编码。     

矿井监测系统双积分A／D转换器的设计

介绍了一种利用８０３１单片机实现的智能型双积分Ａ／Ｄ转换器的实用电路,所构成的Ａ／Ｄ转换器转换位数可由程序设定,最高可达１６位。     

多维OU型Markov过程的弱对偶半群及其无穷小算子

研究多维ＯＵ型Ｍａｒｋｏｖ过程的不变测度、参考测度、弱对偶半群及其无穷小算子．说明了ＯＵ型Ｍａｒｋｏｖ过程不变概率测度和弱对偶半群的存在唯一性,Ｌéｖｙ过程Ａｔ的不变测度不一定是由它产生的ＯＵ型Ｍａｒｋｏｖ过程的不变测度,以及Ｌｅｂｅｓｇｕｅ测度ｍ和极限分布ξ在ｓｕｐｐξ＝Ｒｄ的条件下都是ＯＵ型Ｍａｒｋｏｖ过程的参考测度．     

对称可微广义V-I型多目标规划的对偶性

在V-I，型和几个广义V-I，型不变凸性情形的基础上，研究了一类非光滑非凸多目标规划的对偶性，给出了若干个弱对偶、强对偶和逆对偶定理．     

Banach格上对偶C0-半群

给出Banach空间E上一个C0-半群{T(t)}t≥0的生成元A与其对偶半群{T^*(t)}t≥0的生成元A^#之间的关系，证明了A^#=A^*；讨论了E^⊙是Banach格E^*的子格条件和带的条件，证明了当T^*(t)保分离性时E^⊙是E^*的子格；当E^*的任意有界递减序列按范数收敛时E^⊙是E^*的带；当E^*有分解E^⊙ E^⊙^d时，对每个ψ∈E^⊙^d，T^*(t)ψ与ψ是分离的．     

对偶效用理论在保险中的应用

运用对偶效用理论分析了两个经典的保险经济学问题 ,一是解释了比例保险中买全额保险是否最优的问题 ,这个问题用传统期望效用理论的方法分析将得到与实际相矛盾的结果 ;另一个是超额损失保险问题 ,给出了在各种保费原则下的最优免赔额的分析结果 .     

基于USB接口的变电站自动化系统中通信控制器的设计

变电站自动化系统中采用通信控制器负责与上位机及调度中心的通信。传统的设计抗干扰能力差,且安装不便。本设计则利用USB总线的优点,采取多种抗干扰措施保障数据通信的安全高效,并对USB传输机制作了简要的介绍。     

钒和碳双注入钢的纳米结构、强化机制和抗磨损特性

研究了V C双重离子注入合成纳米结构、相变和抗磨损机制．研究表明，注入后可改变钢的成分，V与Fe原子比最高可达到28％；形成了纳米相弥散强化结构和无序相强化结构．从而提高了钢表面硬度，表面硬度可提高23％～146％；抗磨损也有着明显的提高，磨损阻抗为未注入钢的2．2～3．6倍．