青藏高原严酷环境下粉煤灰掺量对高性能混凝土强度的影响

为探讨青藏高原严酷环境下粉煤灰掺量对混凝土强度的影响,在室内模拟青藏高原干冷、干热的环境条件,对C60混凝土的配制与施工中粉煤灰掺量对混凝土强度的影响进行了试验。通过干冷养护、干热养护与标准养护环境的对比试验表明,粉煤灰掺量在25%时为宜,同时在施工时应做好混凝土的养护工作,以确保混凝土的强度。     

河谷型城镇大气污染时空变化规律及影响因子研究

大气污染问题是河谷型城镇目前面临的最严峻的挑战,利用典型河谷型城镇山西省灵石县2005-2009年的主要污染物SO2、PM10和NOx的浓度监测资料与同期的地面气象资料分析了其大气污染物的时空变化规律,研究分析了污染物的扩散、迁移、转化机制与污染机理,研究得出河谷地形与逆温影响是灵石县城大气污染严重的主要原因,并提出了合理、有效的改善河谷型城镇大气环境质量和大气污染综合治理的措施与对策.     

岷江上游干旱河谷灌丛生物量与坡向及海拔梯度相关性研究

在野外线路踏查的基础上,综合选择具有代表性和人畜干扰少的岷江上游干旱河谷灌丛,采用直接收获法对岷江上游干旱河谷灌丛生物量及其随海拔梯度的分布规律和影响因素进行了研究.结果表明∶①阴、阳坡灌丛的平均总生物量分别为30 151.72 kg.hm-21、4 865.07 kg.hm-2.②阴、阳坡相对应的三个海拔梯度上,阴坡灌丛生物量、各层生物量及各器官生物量均大于阳坡.③阴坡和阳坡灌丛生物量、各层生物量及各器官生物量均表现为随海拔梯度升高而增加的趋势.     

高地应力深切河谷形变应力场及线路问题初探

为研究高地应力作用下河谷深切卸荷、岩体强风化的地质环境对拟建川藏铁路的影响,利用ABAQUS对高地应力背景场由河流深切卸荷下的河谷形变—应力场特征进行数值模拟研究;考虑到岩体的宏观力学性能受到卸荷回弹变形的影响而急剧减小,利用场变量实现力学参数随卸荷动态变化,对比分析河谷形变—应力场特征;针对印度板块挤压欧亚大陆板块使河谷两岸地应力值存在差异的情况,模拟主、被动盘的差异卸荷。结果表明:自重应力与40 MPa构造应力同时作用下的卸荷回弹值可达仅计自重应力场的3～6倍,出现由陡、缓倾面构成的"X"状共轭结构面,工程开挖下边坡岩体容易沿陡倾面崩塌,沿缓倾面滑移。将卸荷前后岩体偏应力比值k作为评价岩体受到卸荷影响程度的标准,高地应力作用下谷坡水平深度方向的k值介于1.5～2.5,地应力的量值对岩体卸荷程度有很大影响;较之不考虑岩体力学性质劣化情况,岩体塑性区范围将扩展,裂隙向谷坡上部延伸,坡体稳定性进一步下降;高地应力作用的河谷主动岸,坡面塑性区明显存在"X"状潜在滑移面,而被动岸仅有单向缓倾滑移面,主动岸对开挖扰动的抵抗力更低。据此提出相应的灾害预防措施的建议,为拟建进藏道路的区域工程地质选线提供参考。     

岷江上游干旱河谷-山地森林交错带植被退化机制分析

岷江上游是典型的以干旱河谷为基带的山地生态系统,其脆弱的生态环境严重阻碍了当地社会经济的发展,鉴于此,本文选取岷江上游的理县熊耳山山地森林-干旱河谷交错带为研究区,研究其上的植被退化特征,并以此次本底调查资料为基础,探索研究区生态系统退化的机制,在此基础上提出研究区生态恢复与重建的一些措施,以期能为完善交错带生态演替过程理论和山地森林-干旱河谷交错带植被恢复及复合生态系统管理提供理论依据.     

Effects of Land Use Change on the Ecosystem Services Value in the Dry-Hot Valley

The objective of the study reported here was to determine whether LANDSAT TM images could be used to quantify changes in land-use and ecosystem services in Yuanmou County. The sizes of six land use/land cover （LUCC） categories were estimated in Yuanmou County according to the LANDSAT TM images in the summer of 1986 and 2005. Coefficients published by Xie Gaodi and co-workers in 2003 were used to value changes in ecosystem services delivered by each land use/land cover category, and the ecosystem services sensitivity analysis was conducted to determine the effect of manipulating these coefficients on the estimated values. The important results are summarized as followings. （1） The estimated size of cultivated land, pasture land, water area and unused land decreased by 6.39%, 1.35%, 2.25% and 10.67% respectively between 1986 and 2005. By contrast, the estimated size of forest land and construction land increased by about 2.23% and 71.15% respectively between 1986 and 2005. （2） The total ecosystem services value （EVS） of the study area increased from 2 142 132 609.46 yuan to 2 146 416 621.00 yuan, with the net increase of 4 284 011.54 yuan during the 20-year time period. （3） The coefficient sensitivity （CS） of the study are less than unity in all cases （CS 〈 1）. This indicates that the total ecosystem values estimated for the study area are relatively inelastic with respect to the ecosystem service coefficients. While this implies that our estimates are robust and the coefficient is reasonable, highly under or over valued coefficients can substantially affect the veracity of estimated changes in ecosystem service values overtime even when the CS are less than unity（CS 〈 1）.     

玛纳斯河流域生态与环境需水研究初探

在总结国内外关于生态和环境需水研究的基础上,本文界定了玛纳斯河流域生态与环境需水的内涵.结合国内外生态与环境需水量的计算方法和玛纳斯河流域的实际情况,初步探讨了玛纳斯河流域生态和环境需水的研究思路、计算内容和方法,从而为定量评价玛纳斯河流域水资源的合理配置提供理论基础.     

渭河流域水资源开发利用现状及可持续利用对策

本文从水资源、用水结构、供需平衡、水资源开发利用程度等方面,分析了渭河流域水资源开发利用的现状.指出了水资源开发利用中存在的水资源短缺、水质污染严重、地下水超采引发的环境地质问题、制度缺陷等问题,进而提出了渭河流域水资源可持续利用的对策.     

Grass litter decomposition rate and water-holding capacity in dry-hot valley of Jinshajiang River

The decomposition rate and the water-holding capacity of 6 kinds of grass litters were studied in the Jinshajing river dry-hot valley. The results showed that the dry weight remains reduced with time but didn’t have the direct correlation with time. The decomposition litters were affected by climate, character of litter, animalcule and soil animal. The climate factors of temperature and humidity were important especially. The water-holding capacity was in sequence of N. wightii (336%), P. notatum Flugge (248%), H. contortus (L.) Beauv (209%), B. pertusa (L.) A. Camus(206%), I. endecaphylla Jacq (174%), D. annulatum (Forsk.) Stapf (168%). After 24 months decomposition the remaining dry weight of the litter was in sequence as the following: 15.12% for N. wightii, 26.38% for I. endecaphylla Jacq, 27.23% for B. pertusa (L.) A. Camus, 30.78% for P. notatum Flugge, 39.72% for H. contortus (L.) Beauv and 39.76% for D. annulatum (Forsk.) Stapf. The decomposition rate and water-holding capacity of N. wightii are at the highest level. It is important for the development, improvement and conservation of the grassland soil. Foundation item: Supported by the National Science and Technology Supporting Program in the Eleventh Five-Year Plan of China (2006BAC01A11)     

二维蜂窝弹性材料拓扑态的研究

将谷拓扑态的概念引入弹性材料，设计了一种二维蜂窝弹性声子晶体，当系统受反演对称性保护时，在K(K′)点处出现3个线性简并的狄拉克点，分布在不同的频段.通过调整其几何结构参数，破坏体系的空间对称性，使得在K(K′)点处的狄拉克点打开，形成能谷.这种多频段的能谷之间存在连接上、下体带的边缘态，在弹性材料中利用边缘态实现拓扑输运，可以设计出有良好性能的声学器件，具有一定的研究价值.