Effects of elemental Sn on the properties and inclusions of the free-cutting steel

A new environment-friendly free-cutting steel alloyed with elemental Sn (Y20Sn) was developed to meet the requirements of machinability and mechanical properties according to GB/T8731-1988. The machinability of the steel is enhanced by the segregation of elemental Sn at grain boundaries. The effect of Sn segregation on intergranular brittle fracture at normal cutting temperature from 250℃ to 400℃ is confirmed. The formation mechanism of main inclusions MnS is influenced by the presence of Sn and the attachment of Sn around MnS itself as a surfactant, and this mechanism also explains the improvement in machinability and mechanical properties of the steel. In the steel, the relevant inclusions are mainly spherical or axiolitic, and are uniformly distributed in small volume. Such inclusions improve the machinability of the steel and do not impair the mechanical properties as well. Experimental results demonstrate that the appropriate content of Sn in the steel is 0.03wt% to 0.08wt%, and the remaining composition is close to that of standard Y20 steel.     

Effect of microstructure on the low temperature toughness of high strength pipeline steels

Microstructure observations and drop-weight tear test were performed to study the microstructures and mechanical properties of two kinds of industrial X70 and two kinds of industrial X80 grade pipeline steels. The effective grain size and the fraction of high angle grain boundaries in the pipeline steels were investigated by electron backscatter diffraction analysis. It is found that the low temperature toughness of the pipeline steels depends not only on the effective grain size, but also on other microstructural factors such as martensite-austenite (MA) constituents and precipitates. The morphology and size of MA constituents significantly affect the mechanical properties of the pipeline steels. Nubby MA constituents with large size have significant negative effects on the toughness, while smaller granular MA constituents have less harmful effects. Similarly, larger Ti-rich nitrides with sharp corners have a strongly negative effect on the toughness, while fine, spherical Nb-rich carbides have a less deleterious effect. The low temperature toughness of the steels is independent of the fraction of high angle grain boundaries.     

Acoustic emission detection of 316L stainless steel welded joints during intergranular corrosion

This study analyzes acoustic emission (AE) signals during the intergranular corrosion (IGC) process of 316L stainless steel welded joints under different welding currents in boiling nitric acid. IGC generates several AE signals with high AE activity. The AE technique could hardly distinguish IGC in stainless steel welded joints with different welding heat inputs. However, AE signals can effectively distinguish IGC characteristics in different corrosion stages. The IGC resistance of a heat-affected zone is lower than that of a weld zone. The initiation and rapid corrosion stages can be distinguished using AE results and microstructural analysis. Moreover, energy count rate and amplitude are considered to be ideal parameters for characterizing different IGC processes. Two types of signals are detected in the rapid corrosion stage. It can be concluded that grain boundary corrosion and grain separation are the AE sources of type 1 and type 2, respectively.     

Morphology,size and distribution of MnS inclusions in non-quenched and tempered steel during heat treatment

This article reports the morphology, size, and distribution evolution of MnS inclusions in non-quenched and tempered steel during heat treatment. The variation of single large-sized MnS inclusions at high temperature was observed in situ using a confocal scanning laser microscope (CSLM). The slender MnS inclusions first changed to pearl-like strings. These small-sized pearls subsequently coalesced and became closer together as the temperature increased. Large-sized MnS inclusions in non-quenched and tempered steel samples with different thermal histories were investigated with respect to the evolution of their morphology, size, and distribution. After 30 min of ovulation at 1573 K, the percentage of MnS inclusions larger than 3 μm decreased from 50.5% to 3.0%. After a 3 h soaking period, Ostwald ripening occurred. Most MnS inclusions moved from the grain boundaries to the interior. The present study demonstrates that heat treatment is an effective method of changing the morphology, size, and distribution of MnS inclusions, especially large-sized ones.     

Titanium effect on the microstructure and properties of laminated high boron steel plates

High-boron steel is an important material used for thermal neutron shielding. The appropriate amount of added boron must be determined because excessive boron may deteriorate the steel's workability. A uniform microstructure can be formed by adding titanium to boron steel. In this study, casting and hot rolling were used to fabricate laminated high-boron steel plates whose cores contained 2.25wt% boron and 0wt%-7.9wt% titanium. The effects of titanium content and hot-rolling and heat-treatment processes on the microstructure and properties of the laminated plates were studied. The results indicated that the optimum titanium content was 5.7wt% when the boron content was 2.25wt%, and that the best overall properties were obtained after heat treatment at 1100℃ for 4 h. The tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation at the specified temperature and holding time were as high as 526.88 MPa, 219.36 MPa, and 29%, respectively.     

Effects of H content on the tensile properties and fracture behavior of SA508-III steel

SA508-Ⅲ steel was charged with different hydrogen (H) contents using a high-pressure thermal charging method to study the effects of H content on the tensile properties and evaluate the H embrittlement behavior of the steel. The results indicate that the ultimate tensile strength remains nearly unchanged with the addition of H. In contrast, the yielding strength slightly increases, and the elongation significantly decreases with increasing H content, especially at concentrations exceeding 5.6×10-6. On the basis of fractographic analysis, it is clear that the addition of H changes the fracture mode from microvoid coalescence to a mixture of river patterns and dimples. Carbides are strong traps for H; thus, the H atoms easily migrate in the form of Cottrell atmosphere toward the carbides following moving dislocations during tensile deformation. In addition, stress-induced H atoms accumulate at the interface between carbides and the matrix after necking under three-dimensional stress, which weakens the interfacial bonding force. Consequently, when the local H concentration reaches a critical value, microcracks occur at the interface, resulting in fracture.     

一种新型结构材料S280

 S280 是一种超高强度不锈钢, 采用低碳马氏体相变强化和时效强化叠加, 靠析出强化获得所需的强度。使用状态下的基体组织为低碳板条马氏体, 主要强化相为Fe₂Mo 等, 抗拉强度σ_b为1920～1930 MPa, 断裂韧度K_IC为95～100 MPa √m, 具有比300M 和AerMet100 更好的耐腐蚀性能, 主要用于抗腐蚀性能要求高的超高强度构件。     

基于OpenSees的钢管混凝土柱-钢梁错层节点抗震性能有限元分析

为研究钢管混凝土柱-钢梁错层节点抗震性能,基于已有试验研究成果,利用OpenSees有限元软件,对钢管混凝土柱-钢梁错层节点进行数值模拟,将模拟结果与试验结果进行对比,两者较吻合。通过数值模拟,分析了轴压比、混凝土强度等级和钢材强度等参数对钢管混凝土柱-钢梁错层节点抗震性能的影响。结果表明:在轴压比为0.3～0.7范围内,随轴压比增大,结构承载力降低明显;随混凝土强度等级提高,试件极限承载力特征值增大较为明显,最大增幅达9.39%;通过对比发现,合理提高钢材强度可以有效增加结构承载力和延性,当模拟计算Q345钢材时,试件极限承载力增加了26.08%,破坏点位移值增加了8.41%。     

多次分段控制注浆斜向预应力钢锚管锚索组合结构加固技术现场试验研究

对多次分段控制注浆斜向预应力钢锚管锚索组合结构新型边坡加固技术的结构形式、适用范围、加固作用机理、现场试验进行分析,对比分析预应力锚索、多次分段控制注浆预应力钢锚管及多次分段控制注浆预应力钢锚管锚索承载力,研究结果表明：1)该结构特别适用岩土体破碎、松散、易塌孔地层于边坡,通过钢锚管劈裂注浆,提高边坡岩土体的强度指标,充填了和挤密破碎地层间的空洞和孔隙,有效提高锚固段锚固力;2)通过预应力锚索和预应力钢锚管极限承载力对比分析表明预应力钢锚管没能够充分发挥该地层的锚固力。预应力钢锚管施加的预应力只能传到浅表层,且破坏模式为钢管被拉断或者钢管接头处断裂;3)三组不同根数的钢绞线预应力钢锚管锚索极限承载力结果与普通的预应力锚索相比来看,单束钢绞线预应力锚索承载力由200kN增加到235kN,锚固力提高17.5%;两根钢绞线预应力锚索承载力由295kN增加到378kN,锚固力提高28.14%;三根钢绞线预应力锚索承载力由336kN增加到432.26kN,锚固力提高28.65%。表明预应力钢锚管锚索通过劈裂注浆挤密锚固段岩土体,浆液充填裂隙,形成“树根状”,有效的提高了锚固段锚固力。     

On-line spheroidization process of medium-carbon low-alloyed cold heading steel

Conventionally manufactured 35CrMo cold heading steel must undergo spheroidization annealing before the cold heading process. In this paper, different types of deformation processes with various controlled cooling periods were operated to achieve on-line spheroidal cementite using the Gleeble-3500 simulation technique. According to the measured dynamic ferrite transformation temperature (A_d3), the deformation could be divided into two types: low temperature deformation at 810 and 780℃; “deformation-induced ferrite transformation” (DIFT) deformation at 750 and 720℃. Compared with the low temperature deformation, the DIFT deformation followed by accelerated cooling to 680℃ is beneficial for the formation of spheroidal cementite. Samples subjected to both the low-temperature deformation and DIFT deformation can obtain granular bainite by accelerated cooling to 640℃; the latter may contribute to the formation of a fine dispersion of secondary constituents. Granular bainite can transform into globular pearlite rapidly during subcritical annealing, and the more the disperse phase, the more homogeneously distributed globular cementite can be obtained.