Some cellular and molecular properties of abscisic acid: its particular involvement in growing plant roots

Several characteristics of the plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) are critically discussed, more or less directly, in relation to the extension of root cells. A few topics have been selected some biochemical characteristics of ABA (chemical structure, metabolism), inhibiting-β complex, inhibiting regulators from root caps, endogenous ABA in growing roots (ABA gradients, microsurgical experiments, light effects), applied ABA on elongating roots, ABA and indol-3yl acetic acid (IAA) interactions (root growth, proton extrusion, hormone transport, auxin herbicides), ABA effect on the root cell cycle, ABA and drought cells of elongating roots [water deficit conditions, IAA and jasmonic acid (JA) as ‘stress hormones’ other than ABA, gene expression]. Received 28 January 1998; received after revision 20 April 1998; accepted 21 April 1998     

Photosynthetic recovery of desiccated intertidal seaweeds after rehydration

Intertidal seaweeds experience periodical desiccation and rehydration to different extents due to the tidal cycles and their vertical distributions. Their photosynthetic recovery process during the rehydration may show different patterns among the seaweeds from different zonations or depths at intertidal zone. In this study 12 species of seaweeds collected from the upper, middle, lower and sublittoral zones were examined. The relationship of the photosynthetic recovery to vertical distribution was assessed by comparing their patterns of photosynthetic and respiratory performances after rehydration following desiccation. Both the photosynthesis and dark respiration declined during emersion, showing certain degrees of recovery after re-immersion into seawater for most species, but the extents were markedly different from one species to the other. The species from upper intertidal zone after being rehydrated for 1 hour, following 2 hours of desiccation, achieved 100% recovery of their initial physiological activity, while most of the lower or sublittoral species did not achieve full recovery. It is the ability to withstand desiccation stress (fast recovery during rehydration), but not that to avoid desiccation (water retaining ability) that determines the distribution of intertidal seaweeds. Such physiological behavior during rehydration after desiccation reflects the adaptive strategy of intertidal seaweeds against desiccation and their capability of primary production in the process of rehydration.     

黄皮种子发育,萌动和脱水胁迫时蛋白的合成

以典型的顽拗性种子黄皮（Ｃｌａｕｓｅｎａｌａｎｓｉｕｍ）为实验材料,运用３５Ｓ－Ｍｅｔ标记黄皮种子发育期间和脱水胁迫时合成的蛋白质．比较合成蛋白的二维电泳图谱,发现顽拗性种子黄皮胚轴在整个发育期间保持基本一致的蛋白质合成模式,只有在花后６３ｄ发育后期胚轴中能产生一种相对分子质量为２．６×１０４的新蛋白．根据实验结果,解释了顽拗性种子的一些生理特性,提出了顽拗性种子不耐脱水的另一种成因．     

黄皮种子脱水敏感性与其水份状况的关系

不同发育时期黄皮种子胚轴中水份状况有差异，其中生理成熟期胚轴中不可冻结水的比例最低，可冻结水的熔解热焓则较高．成熟黄皮种子脱水程度越大，胚轴中水份状态转换的起始温度和能量越低，且脱水至较低含水量时不形成玻璃化状态，这完全不同于正常性种子     

耐旱苔藓植物生理学及分子生物学研究进展

耐旱的藓类能快速脱水并存活,这种能力可由快速建立起来的对环境变化的耐受机制来反映.再水化时光合系统的原初恢复非常迅速,不依赖蛋白质的合成;ABA处理可显著改变PSII的生理特征;建成型的保护机制和再水化诱导的恢复机制才使苔藓植物显得独特.大量研究证明再水化期间Tortularuralis基因表达的改变,主要在转录后水平上调控,从性质上稳定的mRNA库选择和/或编码不同rehydrinmRNAs的结果.Tortularuralis有选择地吸收re-hydrinmRNAs,在脱水组织中贮存为mRNPs,为再水化做准备,这不仅保护了mRNAs,而且一旦获得水后,增加了反应速度.山墙藓Tortularuralis将会是研究耐干旱的重要模式植物.     

红砂促分裂原活化蛋白激酶MAPK基因cDNA片段克隆及序列分析

研究了参与非生物胁迫的促分裂原活化蛋白激酶MAPK基因在红砂抗旱中的作用.通过实验克隆得到了红砂MAPK基因550 bp的cDNA片段,与已知的植物MAPK基因的相应片段表现出较高的同源性(最高达80.5%).MAPK基因在红砂叶片和茎中无组织特异性表达,且随着干旱胁迫程度的加剧其表达量增加,说明MAPK基因在红砂抗旱中起重要作用.     

水分胁迫对钝顶螺旋藻光合色素和生长的影响

用高效液相色谱和光谱研究了水分胁迫下钝顶螺旋藻的色素变化及复水后的生长状况。结果表明：藻蓝蛋白对水分胁迫最敏感．其次为叶绿索a和类胡萝卜素;水分胁迫下叶绿素a含量下降,而类胡萝卜素含量无明显变化．导致类胡萝卜素与叶绿素a的比值升高;复水后藻蓝蛋白的吸收波段随失水状况呈下降趋势,其荧光发射峰由656nm蓝移至644nm;失水率为90％以下的藻复水后均能逐渐恢复到正常的生长状态;螺旋藻的水分临界值有可能介于70％～80％．     

银杏种子脱水敏感性的研究

【目的】研究银杏种子脱水敏感性及相关的生理生化变化,为银杏种子贮藏、种质资源的保存及苗木生产提供理论依据。【方法】银杏种子于25 ℃、湿度(25±2)%条件下脱水67 d,种子含水量每下降5%左右时随机取样测定相关生理生化指标。【结果】当种子含水量降至45.1%时,发芽率并未有明显变化,然而,当种子含水量降至40.1%时,发芽率从开始的92%下降至50%;相关性分析表明种子含水量与发芽率之间存在极显著的正相关(r=0.910)。银杏种子脱水过程中,其相对电导率不断上升。此外,SOD活性变化与POD活性的变化基本相似,均呈现出先下降,后升高至最大值,再下降的趋势,只是其POD活性的上升比SOD早,说明POD的反应比SOD更为敏感。种子含水量与硫代巴比妥酸反应产物(TBARS)含量(r=-0.619)、相对电导率(r=-0.745)之间存在极显著的负相关关系。【结论】银杏种子对脱水高度敏感,表现出顽拗型种子特点。严重脱水降低了银杏种子抗氧化酶活性,并加剧了膜脂过氧化作用,导致种子活力下降乃至完全丧失。     

准噶尔荒漠紫翅猪毛菜和散枝猪毛菜种子萌发特性的差异

通过对比研究不同变温和土壤含水量下,2个物种间萌发特性差异,吸水特性差异,以及两物种幼苗耐旱性,分析两物种紫翅猪毛菜(Salsola affinis C.A.Mey)、散枝猪毛菜(Salsola brachiata Pall.)种子萌发特性与物种分布特征的关系。结果表明:紫翅猪毛菜萌发率高于散枝猪毛菜。在(0/10)℃低温下,2种猪毛菜萌发率及发芽势最高,种子随着温度的升高,萌发率及发芽势均会下降。2个物种均有A、B、C、D类型种子,紫翅猪毛菜种子A→D萌发率逐渐下降,A、B型种子随着温度升高下降显著,而C、D型种子变化缓慢。散枝猪毛菜4种类型种子均在低温下有最高的萌发率,随着温度的升高,种子萌发率下降,且4种类型种子萌发率差异不明显。紫翅猪毛菜在2-3 h时吸水达到稳定,散枝猪毛吸水时间明显延长。紫翅猪毛菜随土壤含水量的降低,萌发率降低,且种子在同一水分梯度下,种子A→D萌发率逐渐降低。散枝猪毛菜种子在土壤含水量最大(26%)时,有最大的萌发率,在低水分10%时,B、C型种子的萌发率高于A型种子。2种猪毛菜幼苗都是随着干旱时间延长,耐旱性越弱,但紫翅猪毛菜幼苗耐旱性明显高于散枝猪毛菜。以上研究结果表明,紫翅猪毛菜和散枝猪毛菜种子萌发特性差异是决定二者在野外的分布区域上存在差异的重要原因。