基于结构化网格的两级矿浆泵数值模拟分析

为了研究深海采矿两级矿浆泵泵内固液流体流动规律及工作性能,采用计算流体动力学软件CFD对两级矿浆泵泵内的固液两相湍流进行了数值模拟和性能预测.阐述了矿浆泵计算流道区域的拓扑块划分方法和结构化网格生成方法;采用RNGκ-ε湍流模型和多参考坐标系,进行全三维流场数值模拟,分析了矿浆泵内流场的压力分布、流速分布和湍动能分布,进而计算出不同颗粒属性的泵的特性曲线.研究表明,颗粒属性对矿浆泵工作性能有重要影响,在颗粒体积分数相同的条件下,泵的扬程和效率均随颗粒粒径的减小而增大.颗粒的体积分数适宜控制在5%~10%左右.     

大型水生植物对湖泊沉积物中不同形态磷迁移转化影响研究

以骆马湖为研究对象,研究了大型水生植物对湖泊各层沉积物中不同形态磷的迁移转化规律.研究结果表明:湖泊沉积物中不同形态磷的迁移转化与大型水生植物有密切关系,大型水生植物对沉积物中TP浓度变化有显著影响,影响程度为上层>下层>中层;在沉积物无机形态磷的迁移转化过程中,植物区各层沉积物中Fe-P浓度变化较大,均呈下降趋势,下降幅度大小顺序为上层>下层>中层;植物区中、下层沉积物中Ca-P浓度呈先升后降趋势,上层呈先降后升趋势;大型水生植物主要通过吸收作用和改变微环境作用影响各层沉积物中不同形态无机磷的迁移转化,对Fe-P,Ca-P有显著影响,对Al-P,O-P的影响不显著.     

High-resolution climate evolution derived from the sediment records of Erlongwan Maar Lake since 14 ka BP

Varve counts with AMS 14 C,137 Cs and 210 Pb dating of sediments(0-900 cm) from Erlongwan Maar Lake,NE China were used to establish a high-resolution chronology series for the late Quaternary.Dry density,total organic carbon(TOC) content,total nitrogen(TN) content,TOC/TN ratios and stable organic carbon isotope(13 C org) ratios were continuously analyzed on this sediment profile.On the basis of lithological characters,sporo-pollen assemblages and geochemical analyses,we identified 6 climate stages within the last 14 ka BP.The time before the Holocene(14-11.4 ka BP) represents a higher-order oscillation climatic transitional period(I).The entire Holocene climate development(from 11.4 ka BP to present) exhibited an increasing temperature trend,although there were cold and warm alternations(II-VI).The periods included were:II(11.4-9.05 ka BP) warm-wet stage,III(9.05-7.4 ka BP) cold and warm fluctuation stage,IV(7.4-4.2 ka BP) smoothly warming climate stage,V(4.2-1.67 ka BP) climate optimum stage,and VI(from 1.67 ka BP to present) cool and drier stage.Each climate stage began with a warming event and ended with an abrupt cooling event.This climate change cycle had unequal time spaces that were progressively shorter over time.Several abrupt climate shifts occurred at about 9.4-9.05,8.5-8.2,7.8-7.4,4.6-4.2,3.7-3.25,2-1.67 and 0.3-0.03 ka BP.Thus,it can be seen that the climate has been warming since 1920 AD,which indicates a new climate stage.     

浙江近岸海域表层沉积物中磷的存在形态及其分布特征

运用SEDEX方法分析了浙江近岸海域表层沉积物中总磷(TP)及磷在各提取相的含量和分布.研究结果表明,表层沉积物中TP含量为432.2～846.1 mg/kg,平均为(533.2±90.1) mg/kg;弱吸附态磷(Ads-P)、铁结合态磷(Fe-P)、自生磷灰石及钙结合态磷(Ca-P)、碎屑态磷(De-P)和有机磷(OP)平均含量分别为6.2,93.2,12.4,295.0和66.5 mg/kg,分别占TP的1.2％,17.7％,2.4％,56.7％,和12.7％.沉积物的Ads-P、Ca-P和OP与其粒度和有机碳含量呈显著正相关,De-P则呈负相关.各站位沉积物中磷在不同提取相中的含量差异较大,与沉积物的陆源输入、沉积物粒径及沉积海域的水动力条件等因素有关.     

滇池东部第四系浅层湖滨相沉积物磁学特征及其环境意义

为了探究昆明盆地第四纪以来的总体气候特征及滇池湖泊的演化规律。本文综合环境磁学、TOC、pH等指标,对滇池东岸DC1钻孔岩芯沉积物进行了系统研究,测试了包括质量磁化率（χ）、非磁滞剩磁（ARM）、饱和等温剩磁（SIRM）、低频磁化率（χlf）、高频磁化率（χhf）、软剩磁（IRM-300mT）、pH值及总有机碳（TOC）。结果显示：DC1沉积物磁性特征由亚铁磁性矿物主导,反铁磁性的赤铁矿在0.3-3.6 m与14.7-15.6 m两个区段含量相对较高,结合赤铁矿的形成环境,反映了这两个区段对应的沉积环境为湖退时期;另外,结合TOC与磁化率在不同深度上的关系,表明TOC的高值与细颗粒的磁性矿物溶解有关。结合TOC在各区段的含量特征表明整个21 m沉积过程所对应的气候类型以温暖气候为主。     

Environmental indicators from comparison of sporopollen in early Pleistocene lacustrine sediments from different climatic zones

Two lacustrine sporopollen records obtained from the Qaidam Basin (in the non-monsoonal region) and the Linxia Basin (in the monsoonal transition zone) indicate that during the early Pleistocene open forest-steppe/steppe vegetation developed in the Qaidam Basin, while in the Linxia Basin an open cypress forest-steppe shifted to a conifer/conifer-steppe and then to open forest-steppe vegetation. Existing sporopollen records from the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP) (in the monsoonal region) indicate that around the Sanmen Paleolake open forest-steppe shifted to pine/conifer-broadleaved mixed forest. The conifer cover then changed to a subtropical evergreen broadleaved forest distributed around the Nihewan Paleolake. These changes suggest that wetter conditions progressed from western China to the east, and the climate became more humid than that of today indicating a stronger Asian summer monsoon during the early Pleistocene.     

大亚湾表层沉积物中磷的形态分布特征

沉积物中不同形态的磷具有不同的生物有效性和地球化学行为,它们的含量和分布特征包含着许多环境地球化学信息。因此,对沉积物中磷的地球化学形态的研究具有重要的环境地球化学意义。采用SEDEX法将大亚湾表层沉积物中不同形态的磷分离开,继而分析表层沉积物中不同形态磷的含量、分布特征及其影响因素。结果表明,表层沉积物中总磷的含量较高,平均高达341.87 mg/kg;无机磷所占的比例很高,平均达85.11%,平均含量为290.81 mg/kg;有机磷的平均含量为51.05 mg/kg。表层沉积物中的碎屑态磷是无机磷的主要赋存形态,平均占无机磷的47.67%;其次为自生磷灰石及钙结合态磷,平均占无机磷的34.79%;铁结合态磷和吸附态磷分别仅占无机磷中的10.23%和7.31%。其中,潜在的生物有效性磷(包括Ads-P、Fe-P和OP)平均占总磷的29.40%。在空间分布上,各站间不同形态磷的含量差异与污染物的陆源输入、沉积物性质等因素有关。     

Morphology and composition of the internal axis in two morphologically contrasting deep-water sea pens (Cnidaria: Octocorallia)

Umbellula encrinus Linnaeus, 1758 and Anthoptilum grandiflorum (Verrill, 1879) are two species of deep-water sea pens (Cnidaria: Octocorallia) commonly found in the Northwest Atlantic. These sea pens are frequently caught as fishing bycatch, but little is known about their biology. Here we characterise the internal skeleton (axis) of these two morphologically contrasting species, in terms of axis carbonate composition and proportion, morphology and metrics (i.e. cross-sectional area and weight) through gradients along their lengths. Using the conspicuous growth rings present in the axis of U. encrinus we also estimated intra-colonial variation in radial growth rates for this species. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses revealed that the carbonate portion of the axis is composed of magnesian calcite (Ca, Mg)CO₃ in both species. On average, the axis is composed of 71% carbonate material in U. encrinus, and 65% carbonate in A. grandiflorum. The carbonate proportion was greatly reduced from base (71%) to tip (33%) in the axis of U. encrinus, while in A. grandiflorum changes were less abrupt (~6% difference from base to tip). In U. encrinus, the axis is quadrangular in shape through its whole length, twisting longitudinally. Twisting can occur in both clockwise and anti-clockwise directions. The axis of A. grandiflorum varied from elliptical near the base to cylindrical through most of the remaining length, with no twisting observed. Axes’ cross-sectional areas also decreased with distance from the base in both species, being the largest near the base. Estimated radial growth rates in U. encrinus were variable within a single colony, ranging between 0.04 and 0.08 mm.yr^?1. This is the first study to describe changes along the axes of sea pens, and to characterise the axes in the studied species. It provides a baseline for studies considering sea pens’ skeletons (e.g. ocean acidification and palaeoceanography).     

Chondracanthid copepods (Poecilostomatoida) parasitic on Japanese deep-sea fishes,with a key to the genera of the Chondracanthidae

Four species of chondracanthid copepods are reported from grenadier fishes (Macrouridae) taken in the deep waters off Japan. They are Chondracanthus neali Leigh-Sharpe, 1930 from the oral cavity floor of Malacocephalus nippoensis Gilbert et Hubbs; Chondracanthodes deflexus Wilson, 1932 from the gill cover of Coryphaenoides armatus (Hector); Jusheyhoea ryukyuensis sp. nov. from the oral cavity wall of Coelorhynchus anatirostris Jordan et Gilbert, C. gilberti Jordan et Hubbs and C. productus Gilbert et Hubbs; and Chelonichondria okamurai gen. et sp. nov. from the gill cover of Coryphaenoides nasutus Günther. A key to the 42 genera of the Chondracanthidae is provided.     

酸溶弹溶样——原子吸收光度法测定深海及河沉积物中的镉和铅

以硝酸-高氯酸-氢氟酸混合物在酸溶弹中完全分解深海及河沉积物试样,继在溶液中以火焰原子吸收法测定镉和铅、用NBS标准试样检验,本法具有较好的回收率和重复性.对多种沉积物试样进行分析,其变异系数不大于10%;本法测定结果与烧杯溶样法测定结果进行比较,镉和铅的相对差值均小于10%.