Snake venom components and their applications in biomedicine

Snake envenomation is a socio-medical problem of considerable magnitude. About 2.5 million people are bitten by snakes annually, more than 100,000 fatally. However, although bites can be deadly, snake venom is a natural biological resource that contains several components of potential therapeutic value. Venom has been used in the treatment of a variety of pathophysiological conditions in Ayurveda, homeopathy and folk medicine. With the advent of biotechnology, the efficacy of such treatments has been substantiated by purifying components of venom and delineating their therapeutic properties. This review will focus on certain snake venom components and their applications in health and disease. Received 6 July 2006; received after revision 14 August 2006; accepted 28 September 2006     

温情 诗意 成长——《草房子》的死亡叙事探析

《草房子》是曹文轩成长小说的代表作，小说的叙述多次涉及死亡。其死亡叙事充分体现了三方面的特征：即充满了浓浓的温情；诗意的叙述；死亡是儿童精神成长的特殊契机。     

蒙田的死亡观

蒙田,法国文艺复兴时期最重要的人文主义作家,在其《随笔集》中,以研究自己为起点继而扩展到全人类,从研究死亡出发找寻生命的意义,最终消融了对于死亡的禁忌。     

宣告死亡制度中的若干争议问题探析

我国未来民法典中应保留宣告死亡制度．死亡宣告申请权应有适当的顺序之分。对被宣告死亡人的民事能力的确定，既要坚持民事能力制度的一般性，同时也要照顾宣告死亡制度的特点。关于死亡宣告对于婚姻关系的存废，在符合婚姻法的前提下应尽量考虑当事人的选择权和意思自治权。法律上不能硬性规定其效力。     

论师陀小说的“废墟”与“死亡”意象

师陀是一位在中国现代文学史上颇具影响力的作家。他在小说作品里常常用废墟与死亡意象来反映当时的社会现实以及作家对此的内心感受,写出了当时社会现实的动荡落寞和民族生存的艰难困苦。废墟与死亡这两个文本意象作为文学符号,在师陀的小说中承载了丰富的内涵与意义。     

从《题记》看《边城》主题及沈从文的创作观

目前对《边城》主旨的探讨，论者很少从《题记》的角度进入，谈及沈从文的创作观，特别是生命观时，论者或多或少的存在着一些缺陷。文章从两个方面展开：其一是从题记和文本内容探讨作品的主旨：爱和死亡；其二是阐述沈从文的创作观，主要围绕创作观的核心问题：为何要创作的问题。沈从文的创作是为了生命。生命以三种形态展开：健康的生命，自由的生命，审美的生命。     

直面死亡——谈毕淑敏小说中的死亡意识

通过细察毕淑敏的小说,深入挖掘其小说中死亡意识所蕴含的深刻哲理,深切体悟到她的死亡观不仅是自身经历所促成,并且文本中所体现出的死亡意识与西方存在主义的"畏死观念"、"向死而生"紧密相连,启示读者要正确地看待死亡,直面死亡。     

随机环境中生灭过程的渐近性质

本文讨论随机环境中的生来过程，得到了它的几乎收敛性质，通过差分方程的计算，还进一步得到ＢＤＰＲＥ的渐近性质。另外，我们还求出了生灭过程首中的Ｔｎ的分布，据此对ＢＤＰＲＥ首中Ｔｎ的分布作了一个估计。     

Morphine 6 glucuronide stimulates nitric oxide release in mussel neural tissues: evidence for a morphine 6 glucuronide opiate receptor subtype

We have previously demonstrated that Mytilus edulis pedal ganglia contain opiate alkaloids, i.e., morphine and morphine 6 glucuronide (M6G), as well as mu opiate receptor subtype fragments exhibiting high sequence similarity to those found in mammals. Now we demonstrate that M6G stimulates pedal ganglia constitutive nitric oxide (NO) synthase (cNOS)-derived NO release at identical concentrations and to similar peak levels as morphine. However, the classic opiate antagonist, naloxone, only blocked the ability of morphine to stimulate cNOS-derived NO release and not that of M6G. CTOP, a mu-specific antagonist, blocked the ability of M6G to induce cNOS-derived NO release as well as that of morphine, suggesting that a novel mu opiate receptor was present and selective toward M6G. In examining a receptor displacement analysis, both opiate alkaloids displaced [³H]-dihydromorphine binding to the mu opiate receptor subtype. However, morphine exhibited a twofold higher affinity, again suggesting that a novel mu opiate receptor may be present. Received 1 November 2001; received after revision 1 February 2002; accepted 1 February 2002     

外源性生长激素对改善腹腔感染时生长激素不敏感状态中的作用

探索了外源性生长激素对改善腹腔感染时生长激素不敏感中的作用。应用盲肠结扎穿孔法（CLP）制备腹腔感染大鼠模型,同时给予外源性生长激素;应用放射免疫法测定血清生长激素（GH）水平;应用逆转录多聚酶链反应（RT-PCR）法测定肝组织胰岛素样生长因子I(IGF-I)、生长激素受体（GHR）和细胞因子信号传导抑制体3(SOCS-3)mRNA的表达;应用ELISA测定血清肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)和白介素6(IL-6)水平。结果表明腹腔感染组大鼠血清生长激素水平与对照组无明显差异,但肝组织IGF-ImRNA表达明显下降;给予外源性生长激素后可明显降低血清TNF-α和IL-6水平,同时可更快地促使GHR和IGF-ImRNA表达的上调及下调SOCS-3mRNA的表达。腹腔感染时机体存在对生长激素的不敏感状态,给予外源性生长激素后可明显地改善感染状态下机体对生长激素的敏感性。