Arachidonic acid signaling is involved in the mechanism of imidazoline-induced K<Subscript>ATP</Subscript> channel-independent stimulation of insulin secretion

The mechanism by which the novel, pure glucose-dependent insulinotropic, imidazoline derivative BL11282 promotes insulin secretion in pancreatic islets has been investigated. The roles of K_ATP channels, α₂-adrenoreceptors, the I₁-receptor-phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase (PC-PLC) pathway and arachidonic acid signaling in BL11282 potentiation of insulin secretion in pancreatic islets were studied. Using SUR1^(-/-) deficient mice, the previous notion that the insulinotropic activity of BL11282 is not related to its interaction with K_ATP channels was confirmed. Insulinotropic activity of BL11282 was not related to its effect on α₂-adrenoreceptors, I₁-imidazoline receptors or PC-PLC. BL11282 significantly increased [³H]arachidonic acid production. This effect was abolished in the presence of the iPLA₂ inhibitor, bromoenol lactone. The data suggest that potentiation of glucose-induced insulin release by BL11282, which is independent of concomitant changes in cytoplasmic free Ca²⁺ concentration, involves release of arachidonic acid by iPLA₂ and its metabolism to epoxyeicosatrienoic acids through the cytochrome P-450 pathway. Received 5 July 2007; received after revision 18 September 2007; accepted 20 September 2007     

诺氟沙星对水生生物细胞色素P450作用机制研究进展

环境中的抗生素主要来源于生活污水、医疗废水以及水产养殖废水等.2013年中国抗生素总使用量约为1.62×10⁵ t,其中48%为人用抗生素,其余为兽用抗生素.大量具有活性的抗生素经地表径流和城市排污管道最终积聚到河流湖泊中.这些活性物质会对水生生物产生危害,尤其是在较长的时间跨度上,这种危害会进一步扩大.文章概述了近几年基于细胞色素P450(cytochrome P450,CYP450)作为检测指标,诺氟沙星(norfloxacin,NFLX)对一些水生生物的生态毒理效应.同时介绍了NFLX对于选取的指标CYP450的影响机制,以及检测这些指标的可行性方法.     

基于CR及Cytb基因序列的大泷六线鱼野生群体遗传多样性分析

为进一步了解山东省内大泷六线鱼(Hexagrammos otakii)群体遗传背景和分化情况,合理保护与开发利用渔业资源,选取线粒体控制区(CR)和细胞色素b基因(Cytb)对分布于山东省近海沿岸的3个大泷六线鱼野生群体以及北黄海1个离岸大泷六线鱼野生群体的线粒体基因序列进行对比,分析它们的序列特征、遗传多样性和种群历史动态情况。经PCR扩增得到大泷六线鱼野生群体的CR和Cytb基因序列,全长分别为485bp和651bp。基于CR基因序列共检测到40个多态位点,单倍型多样性平均值为0.908,核苷酸多样性平均值为0.006,定义了53种单倍型。基于Cytb基因序列检测到56个多态位点,转换颠换比值为19.04,种内单倍型多样性平均值为0.934,核苷酸多样性平均值为0.005,定义了38种单倍型。对比分析表明,4个大泷六线鱼野生群体均具有高单倍型多样性和低核苷酸多样性。NJ系统进化树、群体间/内平均遗传距离、Fst值、基因流及AMOVA分析结果显示:山东省内近海沿岸大泷六线鱼野生群体和北黄海离岸野生群体遗传差异不显著,群体间存在频繁的基因交流,未形成显著的遗传分化。种群动态结果表明大泷六线鱼于更新世晚期经历了快速扩张,并形成了现有遗传格局。山东省内近海沿岸大泷六线鱼野生群体和北黄海离岸野生群体遗传结构之间不存在显著的地理隔离,这可能与人为增殖放流和秋冬季节黄海沿岸流及暖流有关,从而使得群体之间基因交流广泛。     

环境因子对大石鸡种群遗传多样性的影响

分别以mtDNA的非编码基因D-loop和编码基因Cytb为分子标记,研究了大石鸡分布区内12个种群遗传多样性与环境因子之间的相关性.173个样本的D-loop部分序列(1127 bp)中共发现了34个多态位点,定义了44种单倍型;230个样本的Cytb部分序列(807 bp)中共发现了13个多态位点,定义了14种单倍型.基于D-loop和Cytb的单倍型多样性和核苷酸多样性与样本量之间均无显著相关性.所有的种群遗传多样性与环境因子相关性检验中,基于D-loop的核苷酸多样性与降水量的负相关、基于Cytb的单倍型多样性与纬度和相对湿度变异系数的负相关以及基于Cytb的核苷酸多样性与相对湿度变异系数的负相关达到了显著水平,说明纬度、降水和相对湿度变异系数是影响大石鸡遗传多样性的主导因子,低纬度、干旱以及气候稳定的环境下,大石鸡的遗传多样性更高.     

Metabolism of fibrates by cytochrome P450s and UDP-glycosyltransferases in rat and human liver microsomes

Fibrates are widely used for the treatment of dyslipidemia.However,the contributions of the phase I and phase II metabolic pathways to the clearance of fibrates are unclear.In this study,we investigated the metabolism of gemfibrozil(Gem) ,clofibric acid(CA) ,fenofibric acid(FA) and bezafibrate(Beza) by cytochrome P450s(P450s) and UDP-glycosyltransferases(UGTs) using a substrate depletion approach.We also compared the metabolic characteristics of rat liver microsomes(RLM) and human liver microsomes(HLM) .The intrinsic clearance rates mediated by P450s,UGTs and both were 172 ± 22,643 ± 26,798 ± 103 μL min-1 mg-1,respectively,for Gem and 43 ± 11,88 ± 12,119 ± 15 μL min-1 mg-1,respectively,for CA in RLM.The fractions metabolized by P450s and UGTs in RLM were 22% and 81% for Gem,36% and 74% for CA.The P450-and UGT-mediated depletion rates for Gem were 303 and 1607 nmol min-1 mg-1 in RLM versus 86 and 243 nmol min-1 mg-1 in HLM.The corre-sponding rates for CA were 1.1 and 1.7 nmol min-1 mg-1 in RLM versus 0.025 and 0.038 nmol min-1 mg-1 in HLM.Accordingly,both P450s and UGTs substantially contribute to the clearance of Gem and CA,with UGTs playing a greater role.To avoid un-der-estimating the impact of these pathways,it is necessary to measure NADPH-and UDPGA-dependent metabolism.Although the fractions of these two pathways in RLM and HLM were similar,the depletion rate of Gem and CA in RLM was higher than that in HLM.The metabolism of FA and Beza by P450s and UGTs was too low to calculate intrinsic clearance in both RLM and HLM.These results indicate that fibrates are metabolized via similar pathways in rats and humans,and it is applicable to use RLM to predict the clearance of fibrates in human.     

重组家蝇细胞色素P450 6A1的大肠杆菌对艾氏剂的生物降解作用

以大肠杆菌为宿主表达家蝇细胞色素P450 6A1(CYP6A1)酶,在CYP6A1基因后面加入人细胞色素P450还原酶CPR基因,验证了CPR酶对CYP6A1酶催化功能的影响,和CYP6A1酶、重组大肠杆菌对艾氏剂的代谢能力.结果表明:CYP6A1蛋白对艾氏剂有环氧化作用,在CYP6A1对艾氏剂催化中起关键作用.将5μmol/L艾氏剂加入重组大肠杆菌菌液8 h可检测到163.36nmol/L艾氏剂环氧化产物狄氏剂,说明CYP6A1-CPR宿主菌对艾氏剂具有代谢能力,可用于艾氏剂污染的土壤的生物降解.     

肝癌细胞能量代谢中三种酶活力的比较研究

对健康小鼠肝细胞，实验性肝癌小鼠肝细胞及肝癌实体瘤细胞中的琥珀酸脱氢酶，乳酸脱氢酶和细胞色素氧化活力进行测定，发现：１）与健康鼠肝细胞比较，肝癌细胞中琥珀酸脱氢比活力显著降低（Ｐ〈０．０１），乳酸脱氢酶，细胞色素氧化酶比活力显著升高（Ｐ〈０．０１）。２）与正常肝细胞比较，荷瘤小鼠肝细胞中乳酸脱氢酶，细胞色素氧化酶比活力显著升高（Ｐ〈０．０１）。琥珀酸脱氢酶比活力无明显变化（Ｐ〉０．０５）。结果提示     

不同浓度AOT对猪心提取液中细胞色素C的萃取研究

用浓度（ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ）１０、２５、５０、１００、１５０的ＡＯＴ（气溶胶ＯＴ）组成的反胶团对猪心肉糜提取液中的细胞色素Ｃ进行了萃取。结果为１０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ组几乎没有萃取效果，在２５～１５０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ浓度下的反胶团均有明显的萃取效果，萃取率（反萃取水相中的含量与原液中的含量的比值）还原型细胞色素Ｃ为２５％～３２％，氧化型细胞色素Ｃ为２８％～４２％．     

中药材龟甲基因组DNA提取及PCR鉴定特征

目的探讨中药材龟甲基因组DNA提取方法,建立聚合酶链式反应(PCR)技术鉴别龟甲真伪的分子指纹特征.方法采用改良盐析法提取新鲜龟甲、龟甲易混品种及市售龟甲样品的基因组DNA.从Gen Bank数据库中下载中华金龟、中华草龟及5种常见伪品龟甲细胞色素b的基因序列,应用Premier 5.0引物设计软件设计特异性引物,对龟甲样品进行PCR扩增.结果改良盐析法提取新鲜龟甲样品DNA纯度均在(1.80±0.12)之间,基因组DNA大小为16.6×103bp.所设计的特异性引物只能扩增正品龟甲,扩增片段为78 bp,而伪品龟甲不能扩增出相应片段.结论改良盐析法可以从龟甲样品中提取到较高质量的基因组DNA.PCR技术鉴别中药材龟甲真伪具有特异性高、方法简便快捷、实用性较强的特点,在中药材龟甲真伪鉴别方面具有较高的应用价值.