循环码谱码的一些性质

讨论了循环码的谱码的最小距离及重量分布,并且证明了当n≠1时,码长为n的循环码的谱码一定不是循环码。     

普朗克常数h引起的经典物理学自然观的三种改变

物理学的研究成果,往往能使离物理学领域很远的哲学观念发生变化。普朗克常数的诞生,不仅使物理学经历了由经典到现代的“蛹-蝶”之变,而且还使人们对自然界的基本认识与基本观念发生了根本性转变。     

解读"风险社会"理论

“风险社会”理论指出:随着科学技术与现代化的高速发展,人类社会已经开始由以财富分配为主题的阶级社会向以风险分配为主题的风险社会转化,并由此导致了一系列社会结构和政治上的变迁,包括个体化进程、对科学技术和政治体制的反思等等。风险社会理论对中国的社会发展有相当的政策价值。     

近80年来额济纳河流域的环境变迁

额济纳河流域是历史上重要战略要地。位于额济纳河尾闾的居延海绿洲，曾是边疆军民良好的田园扣牧场。20世纪30年代初，西北科学考查团曾记下了这一地区的环境情况。后来因上游用水的不断增多，这里的环境不断恶化。根据80年前的调查记述，考察自从那时以来的剧烈变化，对于人们审慎地利用水资源，合理安排农牧业布局，避免这一地区的自然环境继续恶化具有积极的意义。     

从工业文明走向生态文明的契机——气候危机的哲学反思

全球气候博弈的实质是各国在承认地球资源和承载能力有限的前提下力图在未来世界能源、资源分配和温室气体排放空间的分配中获得尽可能大的份额。美国与中国的个案分析表明:气候公地的悲剧源于博弈主体对于自身短期利益的追求及对人类根本利益的忽视。具体说来,发达国家受制于自由民主制度放纵的内部博弈,而发展中国家则更多的受制于国际体系的无政府状态与不平等现状下外部博弈引发的安全需求。气候危机将人类带入困境的同时也加速了人类从工业文明迈向生态文明的进程。公地悲剧的出路在于强化国家在应对气候方面的作用;加强转型时期政策的系统性;以政治上的预防原则对应吉登斯悖论;国际社会对于责任认定的公平化。     

无知可以免责吗?——反思气候变化中的历史排放责任

如何处理温室气体的历史排放问题,是当前应对气候变化的焦点话题。先发国家主张,他们祖先当初的行为是基于"可原谅的无知",既不需要在道德上遭受谴责,也无需为历史排放导致的后果加以补偿。通过分析可看到,以"无知"作为免责的理由是不成立的。在道德责任问题上,无论是从气候科学知识传播来看,还是从排放行为的可控程度来看,抑或从排放者的道德回应来看,"无知"都不是避开道德谴责的恰当理由。在后果责任的问题上,历史上"无知"的排放者也需要承担补偿责任,但这里承担的不是严格责任,而只是有限的补偿责任。如果历史排放者已离世,他们的后代在继承祖先传递的利益之时,也应当承担起对历史排放受害者的补偿义务。质言之,历史上的排放者和他们的后代都不能以"无知"为由逃避责任。     

Structure and function of a calmodulin-dependent smooth muscle myosin light chain kinase

Summary In smooth muscle the M_r 20,000 light chain of myosin is phosphorylated by a calmodulin-dependent protein kinase. It consists of 2 subunits: calmodulin, an acidic protein of M_r 17,000 that binds 4 moles of Ca²⁺; and a larger protein of M_r circa 130,000. Activation of the kinase is dependent upon their association in the presence of Ca²⁺. Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylation of the myosin light chain kinase occurs at 2 sites. It decreases the affinity of the kinase for calmodulin and a reduction in the rate of light chain phosphorylation occurs. The kinase has an overall asymmetric shape composed of a globular head and tail region for the skeletal muscle enzyme. Trypsin digestion of this kinase releases a fragment of M_r 36,000 from the globular region that contains the catalytic and calmodulin binding sites. Chymotrypsin digestion of the kinase from smooth muscle generates a fragment of M_r 80,000 that does not contain the calmodulin binding or cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylation sites. It is a Ca²⁺-independent form of the kinase that phosphorylates the light chain of myosin. These structural features indicate a regulatory role for the kinase in smooth muscle phosphorylation and contraction.     

基于CBERS CCD数据的鹿洼煤矿塌陷区LUCC检测

本文基于多时相中巴地球资源卫星CBERS CCD数据,以鹿洼煤矿塌陷区为例,利用混合像元分解技术开展土地利用/覆盖变化LUCC检测.分别选取研究区域的2002年、2006年和2010年3个时相的CBERSCCD图像作为遥感数据源,将粒子群优化算法引入到端元提取中,基于线性光谱混合模型提取鹿洼煤矿塌陷区水体、建筑用地、农田和土壤4类地物信息,并对结果进行统计分析.LUCC检测结果表明,2002年至2010年间,鹿洼煤矿塌陷地面积逐年增加,造成大面积农田积水,导致无法进行作物耕种.最后,结合当地政府采取的塌陷地治理措施分析了土地利用变化情况.     

Scientific progress as increasing verisimilitude

According to the foundationalist picture, shared by many rationalists and positivist empiricists, science makes cognitive progress by accumulating justified truths. Fallibilists, who point out that complete certainty cannot be achieved in empirical science, can still argue that even successions of false theories may progress toward the truth. This proposal was supported by Karl Popper with his notion of truthlikeness or verisimilitude. Popper’s own technical definition failed, but the idea that scientific progress means increasing truthlikeness can be expressed by defining degrees of truthlikeness in terms of similarities between states of affairs. This paper defends the verisimilitude approach against Alexander Bird who argues that the “semantic” definition (in terms of truth or truthlikeness alone) is not sufficient to define progress, but the “epistemic” definition referring to justification and knowledge is more adequate. Here Bird ignores the crucial distinction between real progress and estimated progress, explicated by the difference between absolute (and usually unknown) degrees of truthlikeness and their evidence-relative expected values. Further, it is argued that Bird’s idea of returning to the cumulative model of growth requires an implausible trick of transforming past false theories into true ones.