不同杨农复合经营模式土壤有机碳和全氮含量 垂直分布及储量研究

对苏北地区3种杨农复合经营模式(宽窄行模式即K模式、片林模式即P模式和网格模式即W模式)的100 cm土体8个土层中土壤有机碳、氮的分布进行研究,结果表明：3种模式土壤有机碳、氮含量及储量的剖面分布均表现出在表层相对较高,都有随土壤剖面深度增加而降低的趋势,且耕作层以下迅速降低。3种模式深度100 cm的土壤有机碳含量变化范围为0.64~1527 g/kg, 全氮含量变化范围0.30~2.09 g/kg;土壤有机碳含量与全氮含量及C/N呈极显著相关关系;100 cm深土壤有机碳储量在3种模式中分别达(71.19±0.72)、(40.67±058)和(42.64±0.56) t/hm2。     

麦饭石在农业中的应用及展望

综述了麦饭石作为微量元素肥料利用其溶出液浸种,叶面喷施和将麦饭石粉直接添加到复合肥中作为基肥或追施肥几种类型对农作物增产方面的研究进展．     

基于遥感信息和作物生长模型同化的水稻估产方法研究

本研究的目的是通过数据同化方法,将国产环境卫星HJ-1A/B数据提取的水稻叶面积指数LAI信息和作物生长模型相结合,以提高水稻估产的精度.具体方法为:首先通过分析水稻叶面积指数LAI和水稻归一化植被指数NDVI的时域变化关系建立模型反演水稻LAI,并应用研究区历史数据和作物生长模型WOFOST建立初始水稻生长模型估算水稻产量.在构建代价函数的基础上,采用SCE(shuffledcomplex evolution)数据同化方法对初始水稻生长模型参数进行优化,使水稻生长模型估算的水稻LAI和遥感数据反演的LAI差值最小.最后将采用同化方法的水稻生长模型估算的研究区水稻产量和不加同化方法的原始水稻生长模型估算的水稻产量进行比较,结果显示水稻估产精度有明显提高.研究结果表明采用遥感数据提取的农作物实时生长信息可以修正作物生长模型关键参数以提高区域范围的农作物估产精度,同时也显示国产环境卫星数据在农作物生长监测上具有广阔的应用潜力.     

作物病虫害绿色管理的开发与探索

针对国外危险病虫传入几率的增大以及农药对农产品污染的日趋严重,论述了开发绿色管理的必要性、紧迫性与可行性,提出应从生态环境保护和农产品食用安全的目标出发,营造一个有利于作物生长而不利于病虫害生存的环境条件,达到有效控制病虫害,维护生态环境安全,以保障绿色农业安全生产,促进绿色食品持续发展的目的。     

农业土壤应力状态与作物根系生长相关性研究

分析了农业土壤在自然条件下的力学特性和任一深度的应力状态,得到土壤任一点的垂直应力和水平侧向应力的计算公式.通过模拟试验,研究了土壤应力变化对小麦、玉米根系生长发育及其根系分布规律的影响.结果表明:作物根系在土壤中的分布随土壤应力的变化呈指数曲线变化.土壤应力增大,作物根量、根表面积减小.     

农业用地的空时积和空时利用指数

复种指数(全年农作物播种总面积与总耕地面积之比)虽然概念清楚,但代表意义不明确,人们难以根据复种指数的高低确切地比较土地利用的充分程度。作者认为,农业土地资源的完整内涵应是农业土地面积和一年中土地可供作物生长的生长期长度之积,而作物在农业生产中占用的土地资源量应是作物占用的土地面积和占用的生长期长度之积。因而提出用“土地空时积”和“土地空时利用指数”,作为农业土地资源量和土地利用程度的度量指标,并讨论了这两个术语的扩展应用问题。     

Estimation of emissions from field burning of crop straw in China

Emissions resulting from crop straw field burning in China, which have caused serious environmental problems in China, are estimated in this paper. From the county-level data of crop production in 2000-2003 from the government statistics, taking into account the ratio of residue and grain, the total amount of crop straw production is estimated to be about 600 Tg per year, 76% of which are rice, wheat and corn straw. With reference to the data of living standards, the percentage of crop straw burnt in fields for counties are obtained and consequently the total amount of burnt straws is approximately 140 Tg/year. With the emission factors from literature and experiments, appropriate emission factors have been obtained. The total amounts of PM, SO2, NOx3, NH3, CH4, BC, OC, VOC, CO, CO2 emissions from field burning of crop straw in China are estimated. All emissions are presented at county level. Some pollutants, such as BC, VOC, OC, CO and CO2, are contributing a major portion to the total emissions of China. This paper uses a map with resolution of 0.2°×0.2°to present the PM emissions distribution from crop straw burnt in 2003. The results show a significant regional unevenness of emissions, with larger amounts of pollutions coming from the provinces in eastern and northeast China. The regions with higher emissions per unit area are located as a belt stretching from northeast China to eastern China.     

浙江省主要农作物虚拟水含量的初步研究

利用前人所得的各类农作物虚拟水含量标准,计算了1997—2002年浙江省各地市主要农作物的虚拟水含量和不同类型农作物的虚拟水含量、初步研究结果表明,浙江省农作物虚拟水含量有自东北向西南减少的趋势,与人均水资源空间变化趋势相反,作物耗水与水资源空间分布之间很不协调．调整各地农作物种植结构,并在区域内外加强农作物虚拟水贸易,有利于减轻部分地区的水资源压力．在舟山、嘉兴、宁波和绍兴等人均水资源缺乏区,可适当增加豌豆、番薯、柑橘、黄瓜、玉米、西红柿和西瓜等单位虚拟水含量小的农作物的种植面积;在杭州、衢州、丽水等地区可适当增加粮食、油菜籽和棉花的种植面积,相应减少柑橘、西瓜等水果的种植面积、金华和温州的山地选择种植大豆、花生、柑橘、大麦、棉花等,平原地带则种植水稻等农作物是较为合适的、综上可见,调整农作物种植结构可以有效地提高水安全水平。     

A brief survey of computerized expert systems for crop protection being used in India

In the recent years, a plethora of computerized expert systems has been developed for various sectors of agriculture in India. The availability of low cost computers, agricultural knowledge and information technology professionals are the principal reasons for the development of so many agricultural expert systems. Among all agricultural expert systems, the expert systems for crop protection need special mention. These expert systems are meant to be used by farmers and other persons without much experience of using computers. Hence, special care must be taken while developing them. The current paper develops a taxonomy for the expert systems for crop protection and briefly discusses four such expert systems for crop protection being used in India.     

神经网络在病虫害诊断中的应用

介绍了一种使用人工神经网络的典型模型一ＢＰ算法构造了棉花病虫害学习和诊断系统。系统性能测试结果表明该网络不仅能１００％正确诊断已学样本,而且对未学样本也能以６０％以上的正确率进行诊断,同时系统还有较强的容错和抗干扰能力。