Why the “stimulus-error” did not go away

Psychologists in the early years of the discipline were much concerned with the stimulus-error. Roughly, this is the problem encountered in introspective experiments when subjects are liable to frame their perceptual reports in terms of what they know of the stimulus, instead of just drawing on their perceptual experiences as they are supposedly felt. “Introspectionist” psychologist E. B. Titchener and his student E. G. Boring both argued in the early 20th century that the stimulus-error is a serious methodological pit-fall. While many of the theoretical suppositions motivating Titchener and Boring have been unfashionable since the rise of behaviourism, the stimulus-error brings our attention to one matter of perennial importance to psychophysics and the psychology of perception. This is the fact that subjects are liable to give different kinds of perceptual reports in response to the same stimulus. I discuss attempts to control for variable reports in recent experimental work on colour and lightness constancy, and the disputes that have arisen over which kinds of reports are legitimate. Some contemporary psychologists do warn us against a stimulus-error, even though they do not use this terminology. I argue that concern over the stimulus-error is diagnostic of psychologists' deep theoretical commitments, such as their conception of sensation, or their demarcation of perception from cognition. I conclude by discussing the relevance of this debate to current philosophy of perception.     

接受美学与英语教学

语言的输入、吸收和输出问题是外语教学研究的一个重要领域。如何处理好这三个环节一直是外语教学研究的难题。接受美学中的三级阅读过程可以用来指导外语教学中语言的输入、吸收和输出过程,促进外语教学的发展。     

读者对图书馆服务质量的感知

介绍了读者感知的图书馆服务质量,阐述了其包括的可靠性、反应性、保证性、关怀性和有形性5个层面。     

水彩课教学中的两个重点

水彩是美术课教学中最重要的基础课之一，在水彩课教学过程中，始终贯彻的重点有两个，一是培养训练学生的色彩感，这是色彩训练的最终目的，二是熟练掌握水彩的工具性能及,技巧，这是艺术作品必须具备的条件。     

R-fuzzy粗糙近似隶属度集的优势测度方法及其视觉感知应用

R-fuzzy集以粗糙集的形式给出了隶属函数,按照隶属度与描述符的相关程度将其进行分类.完全符合描述符的隶属度划分到下近似集,与描述符有关的隶属度划分到上近似集.如果能够得到上近似集中隶属度的重要性,将拓展R-fuzzy的应用领域.进一步讲,如果能够引入一种方法对R-fuzzy上近似集中的隶属度重要性进行量化,将可实现对隶属度重要性的量化排序,实现更高的分辨力.本文提出的优势测度概念可以很好的实现这个要求.首先,给出了优势测度理论框架,证明了优势测度与1型模糊集的等价性,接着,论证了与R-fuzzy集的一致性,指出了优势测度模糊集本质就是R-fuzzy粗糙隶属集的验证器.最后,通过人类视觉感知实验及优势测度的可视化,研究了不同类别群体共识与个识对确定R-fuzzy隶属度测度的影响,分析了R-fuzzy粗糙近似隶属度集的优势测度方法对于人类群体感知辨识的优势.     

基于游客感知的地质博物馆解说系统研究——以中国地质博物馆为例

地质类博物馆的社会教育功能越来越受到游客和社会的关注,使其成为普及地球科学知识的重要场所。但是,当前我国地质类博物馆解说系统的规划和设计在很大程度上忽视了游客的知识层次,一定程度上影响了游客游览效果,进而影响地质博物馆社会教育功能的实现。研究结果表明:优化核心层次、完善附加层次及提升扩展层次是地质博物馆解说系统的发展方向。     

H2与Cl2混合气光爆的最佳实验条件探讨

应用正交试验设计和直观分析法、方差分析法寻找Cl2与H2混合光爆的最佳实验条件。     

Suboptimal Auditory Dominance in Audiovisual Integration of Temporal Cues

The present study examined whether audiovisual integration of temporal stimulus features in humans can be predicted by the maximum likelihood estimation(MLE) model which is based on the weighting of unisensory cues by their relative reliabilities.In an audiovisual temporal order judgment paradigm,the reliability of the auditory signal was manipulated by Gaussian volume envelopes,introducing varying degrees of temporal uncertainty.While statistically optimal weighting according to the MLE rule was found in half of the participants,the other half consistently overweighted the auditory signal.The results are discussed in terms of a general auditory bias in time perception,interindividual differences,as well as in terms of the conditions and limits of statistically optimal multisensory integration.     

强蒸发地区受路面覆盖效应的路基温湿度场表达

为阐明受路面覆盖效应影响的强蒸发地区路基温湿度分布特性,通过理论分析和现场试验分析,全天监测三个典型地区的沥青路面,研究了受路面覆盖效应影响的路基温度场和湿度场分布特性。研究结果表明:路基内部温度随着大气温度的变化呈正弦或余弦变化,其相位角随深度位置和升降温过程而变化;受外界环境温度影响较大的区域深度≤120 cm范围,在低温季节最大温度梯度在90～150 cm范围内,并基于升降温阶段提出了路基温度预估模型。路基含水量随路基深度发生变化,路基内部湿度场随路基深度变化分为三个阶段,路基内部40～80 cm范围内湿度最大,在此范围外,路基深度≤40 cm或≥80 cm湿度均呈递减趋势;提出了水汽迁移预估模型和基于湿度指数(TMI)和土组特性指标(wPI)的路基湿度预估模型,并以此为基础提出采用Fredlund-Xing模型对强蒸发地区路基湿度预估。     

计算机灵敏波带法测色研究

根据色度学理论寻求灵敏波长的个数和确切位置，从而建立灵敏波带法计算机测色机制，为颜色测试和控制提供快速有效的方法