痕量PBBs/PBDEsGC/MS分析法中PCB及其衍生物干扰消除方法

电子电气产品中痕量阻燃剂聚溴联苯/聚溴联苯醚(PBBs/PBDEs)的检测通常采用气相色谱/质谱(GC-MS)联用法,但该法是建立在持久性污染物多氯化苯/多氯化萘(PCBs/PCNs)基础上,因此此类物质干扰不可避免。为了解决此类问题,提出了2种解决方法:1)阴离子化学电离-气相色谱/质谱联用法(GC/MS-NICI)和电子轰击-气相色谱/质谱联用法(GC/MS-EI)联合使用;2)以YMC ODS-C18为载体,基质固相分散法(MSPD)吸附分离。结果显示,前者可以同时洞察聚溴联苯和联苯醚的分子链断裂后阴离子碎片[Br]-,[HBr2]-和分子链段碎片[M+2]+,[M+4]+,[M+6]+,[M+8]+的滞留峰,增加了对溴系阻燃剂的选择性。后者可以有效分离多种多氯化苯与聚溴联苯醚的色谱峰,这为溴系阻燃剂气相色谱/质谱联用分析法中多氯化苯及其衍生物干扰提供了新的解决方法。采用此方法对8类电子电气产品中10种聚溴联苯醚和多氯化苯进行加标回收实验及精密度分析,回收率在60%～98%,相对误差在9.5%以内,符合国际电工委员会(IEC)对溴系阻燃剂检测精度要求,说明方法具有较高的可靠性,也为我国电子电气业更好遵守...     

Improved acetone sensing properties of flat sensors based on Co-SnO2 composite nanofibers

Co-SnO2 composite nanofibers were synthesized by an electrospinning method and characterized by X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Gas sensors were fabricated by spinning these nanofibers onto flat ceramic substrates, which had signal electrodes and heaters on their top and bottom surfaces, respectively. Compared with sensors loaded with pure SnO2 nanofibers, the Co-SnO2 nanofiber sensors exhibited improved acetone sensing properties with high selectivity and rapid response and recovery times. The response was 33 when the sensors were exposed to 100 μL/L acetone at 330°C, and the corresponding response with 100 μL/L of ethanol was only 6. The response and recovery times to acetone were about 5 and 8 s, respectively. These results indicate Co-SnO2 composite nanofibers are good candidates for fabrication of high performance acetone sensors for practical application.     

Carbon and hydrogen isotopic compositions and their evolutions of gases generated by herbaceous swamp peat at different thermal maturity stages

Coalbed methane (CBM) accumulation models include continuous gas accumulation and staged gas accumulation.However,studied on the geochemical characteristics and indices to evaluate staged accumulation CBM are lacking.This study for the first time obtained the carbon and hydrogen isotopic compositions of methane and ethane generated at different evolution stages using thermal simulation of samples prepared by treating an herbaceous swamp peat at different temperatures.The results showed that the carbon isotopic compositions of methane and ethane were obviously affected by the thermal evolution level of the starting sample,while the hydrogen isotopic compositions were closely related to the maturity of gases.The carbon and hydrogen isotopic compositions of gases generated by coal-forming organic matter with Ro values from 1.2%,1.7%,2.4%,3.2% and 3.7% to 5.2% were determinated.The relationship between Ro values and the carbon and hydrogen isotopic compositions of gases generated by coal-forming organic matter at different evolution stages as well as the carbon or hydrogen isotopic relationships between methane and ethane were established.The results provide a scientific basis for studying the genesis of CBM generated at different maturity intervals and understanding the geochemical characteristics of staged accumulation CBM.These results were applied to a case study on CBM from the southern Qinshui basin,and it was found that the CBM accumulated after the Middle Jurassic and was characteristic of staged gas accumulation.This is consistent with the result of geological studies,and further showed that the results of thermal simulation experiments are very important for evaluating the genesis of natural CBM.     

Emission inventories of primary particles and pollutant gases for China

Detailed high-resolution emission inventories of primary particles(PM2.5,BC and OC) and pollutant gases(SO2,NOx,NH3,CO and VOCs) for China in 2007 were constructed on the basis of the latest fuel consumption data,mostly at the county level,and from socio-economic statistics and data on fossil and biomass fuels obtained from government agencies.New emission factors reflecting local features were also used.The calculated emissions were 13.212 Mt PM2.5,1.4 Mt BC,2.946 Mt OC,31.584 Mt SO2,23.248 Mt NOx,16.017 Mt NH3,164.856 Mt CO and 35.464 Mt VOCs.The national and regional emissions were gridded with 0.5°× 0.5° resolution for use in air quality models.Larger emissions were found in eastern and central China than in western China.The emissions estimated here are roughly equal to those obtained in previous studies,but with different contributions from because of seasonal changes in residential heating and biomass combustion.Finally,uncertainties in inventories were analyzed.     

Constitutive modeling for unsaturated soils considering gas hardening effect

The influence of gases on unsaturated soils is discussed in the paper.First,the selection of stress state variables is discussed.It is shown that gas pressure as well as generalized effective stress and modified suction are required to construct a constitutive model of an unsaturated soil.The deformation mechanisms of solid,liquid and gas phases in soils are then investigated.It is realized that the deformation of gas phase interacts with the deformations of the other two phases in soils.Gas laws are used to describe the gas behavior.Similar to the other two phases in soil,the change of gas volume can be divided into an elastic part and a plastic part, and the latter part is then introduced to the soil hardening equation to reflect the impact of the gas on the soil.Then,a simple elasto-plastic model considering the gas effect for isotropic states is developed.Finally,the model predictions are given and compared with existing experimental data.A good agreement between them is found.Comparisons of the predictions between our model and Wheeler’s model are also performed.     

内燃机独立供能系统的性能实验

基于能量综合梯级利用理论提出了一种全新的能量供给系统形式——内燃机独立供能系统.介绍了系统的工作原理和特点.建造了实验样机,介绍了实验样机的系统组成.利用实验样机进行了详细的发动机性能实验、余热回收利用实验和内燃机独立供能系统总体特性实验.研究结果表明:所选用发动机具有较好的性能,能够满足内燃机独立供能系统的使用要求;设置的余热回收利用系统能够有效地回收发动机工作过程中产生的余热,随着发动机转速的提高,余热回收量增加,但余热利用率下降;系统总体性能较好,有较高的COP和COPz,系统的一次能源利用率大部分都在1以上,说明系统具有优越的变工况运行性能和较高的能源综合利用效率.     

温室气体稳定目标下部门减排责任分解方法

为了探讨气候变化背景下温室气体排放权分摊机制这一研究难点,综述了温室气体减排责任分解方法的研究现状,遵循"共同但有区别的责任"思想并利用WRE稳定性廓线和IEA/SMP交通模型,开发了SMP-WRE模型。应用该模型建立了一种产业部门具体减排责任的分解方法,并以中国轻型车部门为例,展示了该方法的实现过程。结果表明:全球轻型车的基准排放是目标排放的2~4倍,说明轻型车部门实现450×10-6和550×10-6的CO2稳定水平难度很大。目标分解后的地区排放变化率欧美国家较小、中国较大,原因是欧美汽车市场规模饱和,而中国汽车正爆发式增加,排放增加不可避免。     

基于Lagrangian模型与Eulerian模型耦合的建筑物周边气体扩散模拟

该文旨在建立一个适用于城市建筑物周边的基于Lagrangian模型与Eulerian模型耦合的气体扩散数值模型,同时具有Lagrangian模型与Eulerian模型各自的优点,提高预测精度。该文利用耦合模型对单个建筑物周边的气体扩散过程进行数值模拟,并将平均风速、湍流动能和平均浓度几个参量的结果与风洞实验数据进行对比分析。结果表明,耦合模型对于建筑物周边靠近扩散源和远离扩散源的区域均能给出较高精度的预测结果。最后,利用COST-732模型评价方法对Lagrangian模型、Eulerian模型和耦合扩散模型实施了评价,其中耦合模型的评价结果最好。     

高压高浓度CO2烟气辐射换热特性分析与计算

针对高压O2/CO2燃烧方式下高浓度CO2和水蒸气混合气体烟气的辐射换热问题,建立了一种新的宽带关联k分布模型.为了验证模型的有效性,以O2/CO2燃烧方式下炉内CO2和水蒸气生成状况为例,采用该模型与离散坐标法相结合的方法计算了不同温度(1 000~2 500 K)和压力(0.1~1.5 MPa)下一维无限大平行平板间混合气体的辐射强度和CO24.3μm谱带累积分布函数,并与逐线计算、全光谱关联k分布模型和基于指数的宽带关联k模型的计算结果进行了比较.结果表明:随着压力的增加,所提出的宽带关联k分布模型与逐线计算的结果吻合较好,与文献报导的两个模型相比,不仅计算精度有所提高,而且对混合气体的处理更加简便灵活,因此更适于高压下烟气辐射特性的计算.     

室内燃气泄漏的模拟与分析

于室内燃气泄漏引发的爆炸和火灾事故给居民的生命财产造成了极大的损失,通过浮射流理论和紊流扩散理论对燃气泄漏后扩散情况进行了分析简化,建立了流体力学模型并定义了其边界条件.运用CFD软件对该模型进行了数值模拟,得到了泄漏发生后不同条件下的室内燃气浓度的变化规律,对燃气管道优化和减少火灾具有指导意义.