体育与健康课程标准的前世今生与实施建议

在回顾体育与健康课程标准发展历史的基础上，通过对《课程标准》实验稿和修订稿的对比，提出了修订后的课程标准具体实施建议：（1）建立“督查督办”机制，是推动课程标准有效实施的前提；（2）良好地课堂教学环境是有效实施的主渠道；（3）体育教师的综合素质决定着实施效果；（4）充分发挥教学评价的导向作用是课程标准实施的着力点；（5）加速课程资源的开发与利用、加快体育物质条件的建设是实施课程标准的有力保障；（6）加强与高等学校体育专业人才培养的衔接，是实施课程标准的动力源采。     

统筹十个关系 促进义务教育均衡发展

《国家中长期教育改革和发展规划纲要（2010-2020）》提出用10年左右的时间基本实现区域内义务教育均衡发展。义务教育均衡发展是一项系统工程,涉及到政策导向、经费投入、学校建设、师资队伍、人才培养以及义务教育的价值追求等方方面面,因此有必要对这项系统工程进行梳理,处理好影响义务教育均衡发展的各种关系,从而构建促进义务教育均衡发展的基本框架。     

城乡教育统筹背景下教育资源配置研究——以重庆市农村义务教育为例

促进教育公平的根本措施在于合理配置教育资源,农村义务教育资源配置的非均衡性导致城乡教育差距越来越大.实现重庆市农村义务教育县域均衡发展需要提升区域资源配置实力,厘清农村义务教育投入主体,拓展农村教育投融资新思路,促进农村教师专业发展.     

Dark axils and nodes in various plant species may serve as defensive mimicry of beetle and beetle faeces

Anti-herbivory animal mimicry by plants has been paid scant attention, and as a result additional types are expected to be recognized. Lycium chinense plants growing in Japan have dark axils, and many leaf-eating beetles leave faeces on host plants or use their faeces as defence. The dark axils of Lycium chinense mimic poisonous faeces or faeces-covered larvae of the leaf beetle Lema decempunctata, which may result in reduced herbivory by mammalian and insect herbivores. Field work in the very different flora of Israel revealed that the same morphology/colouration exists in various wild plant species, both monocotyledons and dicotyledons. We therefore propose a new type of beetle and beetle faeces defensive plant mimicry, and suggest that this type of putative defensive mimicry against mammalian and insect herbivores is probably a widespread but overlooked phenomenon. Moreover, such mimicry may also attract visually oriented enemies that can attack various invertebrate herbivores that occupy these plants.     

Sound production in primitive Orthoptera from Western Australia: sounds used in defence and social communication in Ametrus sp. and Hadrogryllacris sp. (Gryllacrididae: Orthoptera)

Sound production in two undescribed species of Gryllacrididae belonging to the genus Ametrus sp. and Hadrogryllacris sp. takes the form of defensive stridulation and intra-specific signalling by drumming on the substrate. Defensive stridulation is produced as part of an elaborate visual display, by femoro-tergal stridulation. Two rows of spines on abdominal tergites II and III of both species are rubbed by an elongate area of tubercules on the inner femoral surface of the hind legs. Analysis showed that the motion of the leg relative to the abdomen involves a complex counter-rotation of the leg between leg and abdomen. The defensive display may be performed in day light. Social signalling in both species occurs after dark, and involves drumming on the substrate by both hind legs in loose synchrony. Drumming is rhythmic and species' specific. Males respond to playback calls and females duet with males. The evolution of this calling behaviour is discussed and comparisons are made with the other primitive ensiferan family known to produce both tergo-abdominal defensive stridulation and femoral drumming behaviour, the Stenopelmatidae.     

Potential host range of myrmecophilous Arhopala butterflies (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) feeding on Macaranga myrmecophytes

“Plant-ants”, i.e. those symbiotic with myrmecophyte plants, defend their hosts against herbivores. Plant-ants are expected to affect the host-plant ranges of herbivores that feed on myrmecophytes. This study aimed to experimentally determine whether anti-herbivore defences by plant-ants restrict the larval host-plant ranges of four Arhopala (Lycaenidae) butterflies that feed on Macaranga (Euphorbiaceae) trees, some of which are myrmecophytes. We fed Arhopala larvae with the leaves of five Macaranga species under ant-excluded conditions to examine their potential host-plant ranges. Under ant-excluded conditions, three Arhopala species survived to the pupal stage when fed species not used in the field as well as their normal host species. Our data suggested that the aggressive behaviours of plant-ants towards leaf-feeding insects restrict the potential host-plant ranges of some Macaranga-feeding Arhopala butterflies.     

课程整合视域中的地方语文课程资源开发

地方语文课程资源是生命之根与精神之源。地方语文课程资源开发要立足于课程整合的视域,体现出关注儿童生存境遇、尊重孩子语文经验的＂为学生＂旨趣。以语文必修课程为例,地方语文课程资源开发的路径选择包括阅读教学中的悦纳与吸收,学生习作训练中的捕捉与发现,实施综合性学习与研究性学习中的考察与追寻。     

重要交通设施一体化防护系统分析

提出了建立集威胁探测与告警、信息融合与数据处理及各种对抗措施于一体的一体化防护系统。该系统应具有合同性、快速反应性、机动性以及构成的模块化和智能化的特点。详细阐述了该系统的逻辑结构、效果评价方法和量化标准 ,并可根据防护概率优选、优化防护手段。由于一体化防护系统对交通目标的防护具有主动性、实时性和针对性 ,因而可大大提高重要交通设施在战争中的生存能力。     

悬板式防爆波活门关闭风量机理

针对工程中悬板活门应用和空气流动作用理论研究的不足,建立了悬板活门动作力学模型和空气流动动力学模型,并通过关闭风量方程组加以求解,得到了悬板活门的动作规律和空气流动特性。分析了悬板式防爆波活门关闭风量和通风特性与活门结构参数变化的内在联系。选择3个规格的悬板活门,测量其关闭风量,将理论值与测量值进行比较,计算偏差。结果表明,根据方程组计算的关闭风量与实测风量的偏差较小,均在10%内,且随着活门规格的增加,此偏差逐渐降低,理论与实际情况趋于吻合。     

农民工子女义务教育现状分析——对北京市部分城区的调查

基于北京市部分城区的农民工子女为调查对象,对其义务教育现状进行了详细分析。根据前期调研数据对现状进行图表和文字说明并分析,对农民工子女在入学机会、教育过程、教育结果三方面均与北京市户籍儿童存在差距,并表示问题亟需解决。