Effects of atmospheric pollution on human health

Most air pollutants do not lead to specific diseases. Depending on the pollutant, the concentration and the duration of exposure, some organs are more affected than others. The most frequent disorders are those caused by irritant gases and particulates on the mucous membranes and respiratory organs. The consequences are eye, nose and throat inflammations, diminished lung function, increased susceptability to respiratory infection and a higher incidence of chronic bronchitis. These disorders and diseases are, of course, influenced by other factors as well, such as immune deficiency, allergies, occupational exposure to pollutants, and particularly smoking. The effects of air pollutants are, therefore, multifactorially conditioned and nonspecific disorders are placed in the foreground. Evidence for an association of air pollution with adverse effects on human health is drawn from three sources: animal experiments, experimental human exposures, and epidemiologic studies of exposed human populations. The burden of atmospheric pollution must be reduced to protect human health by an adequate safety margin. In particular, the increased sensitivity of sick and aged people as well as children should be taken into account. In defining the maximum emmission levels, preventive aspects should have priority so as to keep the risk of damage to health and the harmful influences on the environment to a minimum.This article Effects of atmospheric pollution on human health by H. U. Wanner is a revised version of the same article that was first published in the Proceedings of the 1990 European Aerosol Conference; special issue of the J. Aerosol Sci., Vol. 21, Suppl. 1 (1990) 389–396.Reprinted with kind permission from Pergamon Press Ltd, Headington Hill Hall, Oxford OX3 0BW, Great Britain.     

Ecological long-term effects of cultigens becoming feral and of naturalization of non-native species

Transgenic cultigens may become feral as we know of some non-transgenic cultigens. The article explains two basic ways how cultigens become feral: through hybridization with a closely related wild plant and through revert to the wild-type. A long list of examples of cultigens becoming feral in Central Europe is presented. The process of becoming feral is compared to the naturalization of non-native species (Exotic Species Model). Ecological long-term effects of both cultigens becoming feral and non-native species being naturalized are discussed with special regard to the predictability of such events. The ecological aspects discussed in the article are as significant for transgenic cultigens as for non-transgenic cultigens.     

Triphasic vascular effects of thiol compounds and their oxidized forms on dog coronary arteries

The vascular effects of 2-mercaptoethanol, cysteamine, L-cysteine, glutathione (GSH), cystamine and oxidized GSH (GSSG) on the isometric tension of isolated dog coronary arterial strips were examined, and these effects were compared with the triphasic response induced by dithiothreitol (DTT); a rapid and weak contraction (phase A), an intervening slow relaxation (phase B) and a slowly-developing strong contraction (phase C) which we previously reported. The responses of the arteries induced by 2-mercaptoethanol, cysteamine and L-cysteine consisted of phases A, B and C. The order of contractile potency (ED₅₀ of phase C) was DTTL-cysteine>2-mercaptoethanolcysteamine, while the order of relaxant potency (ED₅₀ of phase B) was DTT>cysteamine2-mercaptoethanol. GSSG and cystamine mainly produced relaxation, which corresponded to phase B. The phase C contraction was specific to the reduced forms of thiols, except for GSH, which produced only relaxation. The participation of endothelial cells was not essential for the contracting or relaxing effects of the thiol compounds. The phase C contraction was depressed by W-7, a calmodulin antagonist, while phase A was not. Therefore calmodulin-dependent protein kinases may participate in phase C, not in phase A.     

微极流体润滑条件下能量方程的推导及应用

为考察微极流体的热流体动力润滑特性,根据微极流体的基本理论和能量守恒与转换定律,推导了微极流体的能量方程;依据其润滑条件假设,得出了润滑条件下微极流体的能量方程的简化形式.以有限长滑动轴承为例,将所推导的能量方程与微极流体的雷诺方程和轴瓦热传导方程联立进行数值求解,得到油膜及轴瓦的温度分布.结果表明:采用微极性流体润滑,其油膜及轴瓦的温度均比采用牛顿流体有所升高,流体的微极性越强,温度升高越明显.     

从写作和阅读的关系看写作对阅读的影响

阅读和写作是语言学习者要掌握的两项重要技能。然而,在目前的非英语专业教学中,阅读往往比写作更受重视。写作似乎不是一门独立的课程,而成了综合英语或阅读课的附属物。研究者认为阅读对写作有着极大的影响,大量阅读有助于提高写作能力,阅读课中教授写作知识也能提高学习者的写作能力。毋庸置疑,通过阅读来教写作是一种好方法。但是有关专家对写作和阅读关系的研究成果表明:两者相互依赖,相互影响,又相对独立。这说明写作有它独特的魅力,对阅读也有着不可忽视的影响。只有全面了解阅读和写作的相互作用,才能更好地把阅读和写作融合在一起,同时提高学生的阅读能力和写作能力。     

体育伤害事故中校方责任的认定及赔偿的研究

对学校体育伤害事故的校方责任的归责依据、校方承担赔偿责任的条件和赔偿方面的研究,对妥善处理伤害事故,维护学生、家长、教师和学校的合法权益,预防和减少事故发生,有着极其重要的意义.     

电流补偿法测电阻

常用的补偿法测电阻是通过电压补偿法来实现的。本文将通过分析、演变，巧妙设计出一种使用电流表，电压表进行电流补偿的测电阻的方法，通过实验测量的有关数据进行误差分析与计算。     

PT二次回路压降自适应补偿方法研究

通过分析电压互感器二次回路的特点及其压降产生的原因，设计了电压互感器二次回路压降自适应补偿控制器，为提高电能计量准确度、减小由于计量误差造成的电量损失提出了一种新的思路。     

高层管理创新,公司业绩和企业管理决策:香港市场的实证分析

通过对香港上市公司的实际数据实证分析,研究了管理创新、公司业绩以及企业管理之间的关系.主要结论表明香港上市公司的管理效用的水平主要由公司规模决定,而非公司的市场业绩;同时以股份为工具的补偿机制也不能有效促进管理层对小股东的利益和公司业绩的关注,董事会也未能有效制订对高级经理层的补偿奖励合约.这些实证结果与众多上市公司为提升企业决策水平指定的各种条款相吻合.     

邻苯二甲酸酯对海洋藻类的致毒效应

采用评价化学药品对藻类毒性的标准方法，对邻苯二甲酸醋与海洋藻类的相互影响进行探讨．通过对邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)、邻苯二甲酸二乙醋(DEP)、邻苯二甲酸二丁醋(DBP)海洋藻类的致毒试验，分别得出此3种物质对三角褐指藻、盐藻、等边金藻、中肋骨条藻48h、96h的半致死浓度，探讨了上述几种海洋藻类对DMP、DEP、DBP的忍受限度．