简谐势阱中理想费米气体的热力学性质

采用Thomas-Fermi半经典近似,研究了任意维简谐势阱中理想费米气体的热力学性质.解析推导出了化学势、费米能和比热的通用表达式,讨论了空间维度和势阱的影响.数值计算了二维和三维费米系统的特征热力学量,与经典极限较好地吻合.     

Impact of climate change on wetland ecosystems: A critical review of experimental wetlands

Climate change is identified as a major threat to wetlands. Altered hydrology and rising temperature can change the biogeochemistry and function of a wetland to the degree that some important services might be turned into disservices. This means that they will, for example, no longer provide a water purification service and adversely they may start to decompose and release nutrients to the surface water. Moreover, a higher rate of decomposition than primary production (photosynthesis) may lead to a shift of their function from being a sink of carbon to a source. This review paper assesses the potential response of natural wetlands (peatlands) and constructed wetlands to climate change in terms of gas emission and nutrients release. In addition, the impact of key climatic factors such as temperature and water availability on wetlands has been reviewed. The authors identified the methodological gaps and weaknesses in the literature and then introduced a new framework for conducting a comprehensive mesocosm experiment to address the existing gaps in literature to support future climate change research on wetland ecosystems. In the future, higher temperatures resulting in drought might shift the role of both constructed wetland and peatland from a sink to a source of carbon. However, higher temperatures accompanied by more precipitation can promote photosynthesis to a degree that might exceed the respiration and maintain the carbon sink role of the wetland. There might be a critical water level at which the wetland can preserve most of its services. In order to find that level, a study of the key factors of climate change and their interactions using an appropriate experimental method is necessary. Some contradictory results of past experiments can be associated with different methodologies, designs, time periods, climates, and natural variability. Hence a long-term simulation of climate change for wetlands according to the proposed framework is recommended. This framework provides relatively more accurate and realistic simulations, valid comparative results, comprehensive understanding and supports coordination between researchers. This can help to find a sustainable management strategy for wetlands to be resilient to climate change.     

燃烧冶金煤气锅炉热力试验和计算的特点

在钢铁企业中有大量的高炉煤气、焦炉煤气、转炉煤气等可燃副产品．用这种燃料的锅炉,其热力试验和热力计算有若干特点,如高含氮量的气体燃料过量空气系数的算法,气体燃料特性系数出现负值,将给定燃料的热量份额换算成体积份额,试验中多个取样断面等．文中结合上海宝山钢铁集团公司工业锅炉的燃烧调整试验加以分析,对数量众多的燃烧冶金煤气锅炉的试验或计算是有参考意义的     

太阳真空集热管真空度测量模型的特性参数分析

从气体动理论出发,分析了太阳真空集热管真空度测量的负压腔模型的动态特性,并重点讨论了分子速度、热导率等参数与真空度测量之间的内在联系。     

基于承灾体的中国森林火灾危险性评价

利用森林植物种类组成及林地面积资料,采用面积权重及统计聚类分析的方法,将中国省域森林火险划分为五级,即:轻度危险、中度危险、高度危险、重度危险和极度危险,县域森林火险划分为四级,即:轻度危险、中度危险、高度危险和重度危险.结果表明:黑龙江、内蒙古、陕西3省区为我国森林火灾重点防火区,其中黑龙江最重;我国12.2%的县域处在重度危险等级中,61.5%的县域处在中、高度危险等级中.     

具有时滞的可燃物的湿度模型

可燃物是森林燃烧的物质基础,可燃物的湿度变化一定程度上决定着火灾的形成,所以建立可燃物湿度模型对研究可燃物湿度变化有很大的帮助,笔者通过建立可燃物湿度模型来研究可燃物湿度的变化情况。在研究中充分考虑了气象因子对可燃物湿度的影响,并且加入了时滞情况,研究结果表明可燃物湿度受到气象因子的影响,并随着气象因子的变化而变化,在对气象因子进行相关性分析的基础上,得出结论：可燃物的湿度与气温风速呈负相关、与湿度气压呈正相关,建立的可燃物湿度模型在考虑气象因子的影响的情况下基本可以预测一小时后可燃物湿度的变化情况,希望对森林的防火有所帮助。     

氮和磷增加对华南两种人工林土壤甲烷通量的影响

以含氮和磷的养分溶液(NH4NO3和KH2PO4)模拟大气氮和磷沉降,对华南地区两种人工林马占相思(Acacia mangium)和尾叶桉(Eucalyptus urophylla)林下群落进行处理,通过静态气箱法色谱法测定土壤CH4通量,以研究外源氮和磷对华南地区人工林土壤CH4通量的影响.结果 表明,两种人工林的对照样方下CH4通量均为负值,这说明土壤从大气中吸收CH4,也表明鹤山人工林是大气CH4的汇.增氮和增磷处理都增加了马占相思林的CH4排放通量,即促进了马占相思林CH4的排放过程;在旱季,增氮和增磷处理促进了尾叶桉林土壤CH4的排放,但是,从整个实验期间的观测来看,氮和磷处理对尾叶桉林土壤CH4通量没有显著的影响.     

High-resolution carbon isotope record for the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum from the Nanyang Basin,Central China

The Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum (PETM) was a transient episode of global warming, associated with massive atmospheric greenhouse gas input that occurred at the Paleocene/Eocene boundary. Biostratigraphic and isotope stratigraphic studies indicate that the PETM event is well documented in the marl deposits of the Yuhuangding section in the Nanyang Basin, Central China, with a carbon isotope negative excursion of ~6.1‰ within 19-m-thick marl deposits. This is the highest resolution record of the PETM so far found in the world. The PETM event was triggered within 2-cm-thick marl sediments, with a decrease of δ¹³C (stable carbon isotope ratio) from –3.2‰ to –5.2‰, suggesting a massive methane hydrate release for a transient period that was possibly caused by a catastrophic event. A comparison between marine and terrestrial records indicates a “Three-Phase Model” for the PETM event. Initially there is a rapid negative excursion in the δ¹³C record, followed by a slowly decreasing trend, and then a gradual positive recovery, corresponding respectively to a rapid dissociation of oceanic methane hydrate, followed by a slow release of methane and then the consumption of the released methane.     

中国冰箱行业淘汰CFCs 的环境效益分析

以无《蒙特利尔议定书》的情景为基线情景, 从消耗臭氧层物质排放、温室气体排放及冰箱耗电量角度分析中国冰箱行业履约淘汰 CFCs 产生的环境效益。结果表明,截至2008年底,中国冰箱行业淘汰 CFCs已实现减排 273.5 MtCO₂-eq 和 4.7×10⁴t ODP; 2008 年后还将减排 619.8 MtCO₂-eq 和 1.0×10⁵t ODP;通过采用更加节能的制冷剂,截至 2008 年底累计节电 2.8×10¹⁰ kWh, 折合减排 24.2MtCO₂-eq,对中国节约资源和节能减排具有十分重要的现实意义。     

可燃气自动检测与报警智能控制系统的设计

本文设计了一种以"防患于未然"为特色的可燃气体自动检测与报警系统,该系统主要分为可燃气浓度检测、人性化声光报警和自动强制执行机构三部分.将检测到的可燃气体的浓度进行科学化分级,针对不同的警报等级进行人性化的声光报警,达到"低等级险情不惊慌,高等级险情有人管,紧急险情有保障"的目的,实现"预防为主,防控结合"的人性化全自动报警与控制.