泛形裂面构造及其复杂度

基于真实材料物理性质的非均匀特征,提出了一个简单的统计泛形裂纹扩展模型,用以描述脆性材料中泛形裂纹（或断裂面）构形,并采用计盒维数方法确定其复杂度.其中,假设裂纹沿最小能量耗散（依次按最小强度、最短路径、最小偏折角判定）方向扩展,且材料性质服从Weibull分布.计算得到的泛形裂纹构形的复杂度结果与实验结果吻合较好.进一步分析表明,泛形裂纹构形的复杂度可由材料性质的Weibull分布参数确定,而与泛形裂纹构形的随机性或涨落无关.     

一种新型冲击吸能薄壁管的设计和控制原理

以局部表面纳米化区域的形状、尺寸和孪晶间距作为设计变量,以薄壁管的比吸能作为目标函数,以最大冲击载荷限制、边界条件和加载方式等因素作为约束条件,对薄壁管屈曲模式和吸能效果进行优化设计.结果表明,经优化的局部表面纳米化,不仅可诱导和控制薄壁管稳定渐进紧凑的屈曲模态,而且使薄壁管大大提高吸能效果以及保持原结构的外形.从而提出一种新型吸能薄壁管的设计原理和技术,实现薄壁管吸能效果的最大化和吸能结构的设计思路.     

Cu2+和Zn2+对模拟胃液中NDMA形成的影响

【目的】在模拟胃液条件下研究重金属Cu~(2+)和Zn~(2+)对内源致癌性N-二甲基亚硝胺(NDMA)形成的影响,并进一步探讨其作用机理。【方法】分别用气相色谱-质谱联用法(GC-MS)和离子色谱法(IC)来测定NDMA、二甲胺(DMA)和亚硝酸根(NO_2~-)含量。【结果】在模拟胃液条件下,Cu~(2+)和Zn~(2+)浓度高于50mg/L时,可以促进NDMA的形成,且当浓度由50mg/L增大到200mg/L时,Cu~(2+)促进率由1.16%增大到94.56%,Zn~(2+)促进率由21.32%增大到45.86%。在重金属浓度为符合或接近符合水质基准值1.0mg/L时,Cu~(2+)和Zn~(2+)对NDMA的形成也分别有16.88%和13.42%的促进率;而当重金属浓度为10mg/L时,两种离子却均抑制NDMA的形成。机理研究表明Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)促进NDMA的形成主要是由于其与DMA发生相互作用,进而导致NDMA形成。【结论】高浓度的Cu~(2+)和Zn~(2+)通过与DMA相互作用,形成活性中间体从而促进NDMA的生成。     

高速压制制备高密度纯铁软磁材料

以退火纯铁粉末为原料,采用粉末退火结合高速压制技术的方法制得高密度压坯(7.70 g·cm-3),经烧结后获得高密度高性能的纯铁软磁材料.研究退火粉末的高速压制行为,以及烧结时间和烧结温度对材料磁性能和晶粒大小的影响.结果显示：退火粉末的压坯密度随压制速度的增加而增加,压坯密度最高可达到7.70 g·cm-3,相对密度可达到98.10%.烧结温度为1450益,烧结时间为4 h时,材料密度达到7.85 g·cm-3,相对密度为99.96%,最大磁导率达到13.60 mH·m-1,饱和磁感应强度为1.87 T,矫顽力为56.50 A·m-1.     

颗粒材料平面剪切实验与剪切带相关研究

根据流体动力学中库爱特流流动的特点,设计了一种新型颗粒材料平面剪切实验装置,并采用数字图像相关方法(DIC)分析了颗粒材料剪切带的形成过程。结果表明:1该实验装置结合DIC方法可以观测到剪切带的形成过程;2剪切开始时,颗粒孔隙率发生变化,颗粒重新分布,形成了漩涡状剪应变区域,随着剪切的进行,剪应变逐渐增大,带状、漩涡状应变区域半径逐渐减小乃至消失,最终融合形成了一条连续的贯穿整个颗粒面的曲线带状区域,即为剪切带;3剪切带位置处于整个颗粒面上部1/4处,其分布区域宽度是颗粒最小粒径的9~12倍,最大粒径的3~4倍,剪切带平均厚度为分布区域宽度的1/2;4对比不同压强下的剪切实验结果,可以发现剪切带最终形成位置变化不大,压强对剪切带的形成位置影响较小,而剪切带处的剪应变大小与剪切带形成位置有关,剪切位置越深,剪应变越大。     

稻米重金属污染风险及控制

稻米是我国的主粮,随着工农业和城市化的快速发展,稻米重金属污染胁迫问题日益突出。针对我国稻米重金属污染的种类、形成原因进行了分析,并对稻米重金属的控制技术及对策提出了建议,以期待为稻米重金属污染的解决、保障食品安全提供指导。     

Chemical,mechanical, and thermal expansion properties of a carbon nanotube-reinforced aluminum nanocomposite

In the present study, the chemical and mechanical properties and the thermal expansion of a carbon nanotube (CNT)-based crystalline nano-aluminum (nano Al) composite were reported. The properties of nanocomposites were tailored by incorporating CNTs into the nano Al matrix using a physical mixing method. The elastic moduli and the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of the nanocomposites were also estimated to understand the effects of CNT reinforcement in the Al matrix. Microstructural characterization of the nanocomposite reveals that the CNTs are dispersed and embedded in the Al matrix. The experimental results indicate that the incorporation of CNTs into the nano Al matrix results in the increase in hardness and elastic modulus along with a concomitant decrease in the coefficient of thermal expansion. The hardness and elastic modulus of the nanocomposite increase by 21% and 20%, respectively, upon CNT addition. The CTE of CNT/Al nanocomposite decreases to 70% compared with that of nano Al.     

金属氧化物对霍林河褐煤催化热解行为的影响

选用4种金属氧化物(CaO、Al2O3、Fe2O3、NiO)作为催化剂对霍林河褐煤进行热解,利用热重分析技术和动力学模型对褐煤热解行为进行分析,研究不同金属氧化物对褐煤热解催化效果的影响。结果表明,4种金属氧化物催化剂的加入均能有效提高褐煤热解的转化率,其对褐煤热解转化率的促进作用顺序为:NiOCaOFe2O3Al2O3;在褐煤整个热解过程中,CaO、Fe2O3及NiO均表现出良好的催化作用,而Al2O3仅在热缩聚阶段有一定的催化效果;褐煤在活泼热解阶段和热缩聚阶段的热解过程分别可用一级单一反应模型和二级单一反应模型进行描述,4种金属氧化物在活泼热解阶段对褐煤的催化效果为:NiOFe2O3CaOAl2O3,在热缩聚阶段对褐煤的催化效果为:Fe2O3CaONiOAl2O3。     

Precipitation of flaky moolooite and its thermal decomposition

Moolooite particles with flaky morphology were synthesized by mixing dilute solutions of copper nitrate and sodium oxalate in the presence of citric acid. Solution pH value, citric acid concentration, and stirring were found to have large effect on the shape of the precipitated particles. Under the stirring, the radial area of flaky moolooite particles was enlarged and extended to become a thinner and larger flake. This is ascribed to growth promotion caused by the selective absorption of citric ligands onto a particular crystalline surface of the moolooite particles. Flaky shape of the moolooite particles tended to become spherical and disappeared completely when decomposed under an Ar atmosphere, leading to the formation of large porous aggregated particles composed of many tiny nanosized copper crystals.     

Investigations of a nanostructured FeMnSi shape memory alloy produced via severe plastic deformation

Low-cost iron-based shape memory alloys (SMAs) show great potential for engineering applications. The developments of new processing techniques have recently enabled the production of nanocrystalline materials with improved properties. These developments have opened avenues for newer applications for SMAs. The influence of severe plastic deformation induced by the high-speed high-pressure torsion (HSHPT) process on the microstructural evolution of an Fe–Mn–Si–Cr alloy was investigated. Transmission electron microscopic analysis of the alloy revealed the existence of nanoscale grains with an abundance of stacking faults. The high density of dislocations characteristic of severe plastic deformation was not observed in this alloy. X-ray diffraction studies revealed the presence of ε-martensite with an HCP crystal structure and γ-phase with an FCC structure.