湘江长沙段土壤和沉积物重金属污染模糊评价及污染源分析

通过对湘江长沙段土壤和沉积物中重金属(As、Pb、Cd、Cr、Hg)质量分数的调查,运用模糊综合评价法对该段土壤和沉积物中重金属污染状况进行了评价.研究结果表明:湘江长沙段土壤和沉积物重金属污染严重,土壤主要污染元素为Cd、Hg,沉积物主要污染元素为Cd、As、Pb.通过聚类分析,可将这5种重金属按来源分为三大类,第一类为Pb、As;第二类为Cd、Hg;第三类为Cr.同时以TiO2为基准,结合粒度效应分析,对该地区的沉积物重金属污染源进行了判别.结果表明:湘江长沙段沉积物中重金属As、Pb的来源为人为源和自然源的混合源;Cd、Hg、Cr污染的来源主要为人为源.     

洞穴环境与洞穴旅游

喀斯特洞穴是喀斯特地貌的重要组成部分,在地质营力溶蚀,侵蚀和崩塌作用下形成。由于地质构造,岩性及气候的复杂性,地表、地下洞穴形态复杂,类型多样,构成高品位的旅游资源,具有重要开发价值。从洞穴的地质地貌,大气圈、生物圈、水文方面讨论,评价洞穴资源的价值。     

水合物沉积物试验岩样制备及力学性质研究

水合物沉积物现场取心及原位力学试验技术难度大、成本高,室内制备岩样是目前对其力学性质研究的主要手段。采用三轴压力室内直接合成和混合制样两种方法,分别以覆膜砂和膨润土为基质试验制备水合物沉积物岩样,并进行三轴压缩力学试验。结果表明:尽管沉积物中水合物对基质骨架颗粒存在一定胶结作用,但水合物沉积物的力学性质仍主要由基质的性质决定,覆膜砂基质水合物沉积物的力学性质明显好于膨润土沉积物;水合物沉积物的强度及弹性模量随着围压的增加而增加,但泊松比与围压无明显相关性。     

基于束波变换的叠后缝洞精细成像处理技术

碳酸盐岩储层中溶蚀孔洞和断裂的精确成像是地震油气勘探和开发的关键。以塔里木盆地塔河油田某区块奥陶系碳酸盐岩缝洞型储层为例,在精细的叠前预处理和逆时偏移的基础之上,利用束波变换技术,对研究区的地震数据进行了不同尺度的分解和重构,并对处理结果进行了对比分析。结果表明:束波变换技术可以有效改善溶蚀孔洞和断裂的成像效果,小尺度的束波变换适用于溶蚀孔洞信息的提取,而大尺度的束波变换更有利于增强断裂的清晰度,实际应用中应根据地质体的大小来选择合理的尺度参数。     

甘肃中东部黄土裸窑位移模拟分析

针对甘肃中东部地区的黄土窑洞工程,按土的弹塑性理论进行模拟计算,通过选取土性参数范围和实际窑洞尺寸等,使用MIDAS/GTS有限元软件,建立三维窑洞模型,讨论黄土土性参数γ、c、φ值以及窑洞的宽度B和立壁高度H1对洞周土体位移的影响.结果表明,洞周土体最大和最小位移分别出现在窑脸所在平面底边中点和拱顶处;土性参数中重度γ对洞周土体位移的影响最大,其次为土体黏聚力c和土体内摩擦角φ;窑洞几何参数中宽度B对洞周土体位移的影响最为敏感.     

一种元卷积网络和持续学习融合的洞库类目标识别方法

洞库类目标是高价值识别目标,针对洞库类目标样本数据难以获得、样本内部数据相似度较高、人工设计识别特征方法局限性较大、普通深度网络需要海量数据等问题,提出了结合元学习和深度卷积网络的元-卷积网络（MCNN）,并融合持续学习理论的洞库类目标识别方法（MCNN-LLS）.首先结合深度卷积网络、元学习的理论建立元-卷积网络,该网络可利用旧知识指导新知识的训练,利用小样本数据即可训练得到识别能力较高的深度洞库模型;然后融合持续学习理论,建立持续学习系统（LLS）,设计专家审核模型判别深度洞库模型的识别结果,并引入潜在任务、模型异步更新等方法,达到模型持续学习、持续更新的效果.实验表明,本文方法所需样本数量少,对洞库类目标识别准确率高,且识别能力可随识别过程中新数据的积累逐步提高.      

湖相沉积物中有机类脂化合物与古环境重建

湖相沉积物是古环境记录的重要载体之一,为了更清晰的恢复古环境,必须提取湖相沉积物中高分辨率代用指标．有机类脂化合物即为一类分子级的指标,在分析湖相沉积物中有机类脂化合物特性的基础上,结合国内外的研究状况,探讨了几类主要的类脂化合物在古环境重建中的运用,提出目前国内湖相研究中此指标运用中存在的问题和发展前景．     

长江源头典型湖泊表层沉积物中多氯联苯残留状况

选择地处长江源头典型湖泊之一的红枫湖为试区,对该水域的14个典型采样点表层沉积物中多氯联苯(PCBs)残留量进行了调研,以揭示长江源头典型湖泊中PCBs的残留现状,以及各种同系物在湖泊底质中的分布特征.结果表明:PCBs残留总量介于ND~87.7 ng/g之间,平均值在27.2 ng/g,主要以4~6氯联苯为主.按残留量均值从高到低的几种同系物依次是:PCB138>PCB153>PCB126>PCB180>PCB105;检出率较高的几种同系物依次是:PCB153>PCB138>PCB126>PCB180.PCBs含量具有明显的地域性,以花鱼洞大桥为界限,将湖分为南北两湖,PCBs总含量北湖明显高于南湖.初步认为工业污染和PCBs理化性质是造成百花湖底质中PCBs来源的主要原因.     

Three-dimensional fluorescence spectral characteristics of dissolved organic carbon in cave drip waters and their responses to environment changes: Four cave systems as an example in Guizhou Province,China

Understanding the responses of fluorescence spectral characteristics of cave drip waters to modern environment and climate changes is key to the reconstructions of environmental and climatic changes using fluorescence spectral characteristics of speleothems. The fluorescence spectral characteristics of dissolved organic carbon （DOC） in four active cave systems were analyzed with a three-dimensional （3D） fluorescence spectral analysis method. We found that the fluorescence types of DOC were mainly of fulvic-like and protein-like fluorescences, both in soil waters and cave drip waters. The intensity of fulvic-like fluorescence was positively correlated with the concentrations of DOC, suggesting that the DOC of cave drip waters was derived from the overlying soil layer of a cave system. Compared with the other cave systems, the variation range of the excitation and emission wavelengths for fulvic-like fluorescence of cave drip waters in Liangfeng cave system that had forest vegetation was smaller and the excitation wavelength was longer, while its fluorescence intensity varied significantly. By contrast, the excitation and emission wavelengths and fluorescence intensity for that in Jiangjun cave system that had a scrub and tussock vegetation showed the most significant variation, while its excitation wavelength was shorter. This implies that the variation of vegetation overlying a cave appears to be a factor affecting the fluorescence spectral characteristics of cave drip waters.     

Late Pleistocene glaciation of the Changbai Mountains in northeastern China

The Changbai Mountains （2749 m a.s.l.） in northeastern China are one of the typical mountain regions with glaciation since late Pleistocene as evidenced by well-preserved erosive and accumulative landforms at elevations above 2000 m a.s.l, formed by glaciers around the crater lake, Tianchi Lake. Cirque glaciers developed on both the inner and outer sides of the volcanic cone. Well-preserved cirques, glacial trough valleys, glacial threholds, polished surfaces of the glacial erratics and the moraine ridges indicate that several glaciation processes took place during the last glacial period in this region. Resuits of optically stimulated luminescence （OSL） dating on the moraine sediments, and the K/Ar, thermal ionization mass spectrometry （TIMS）, electronic spinning resonance （ESR） dating on the volcanic rocks suggest two periods of glacier advances. One is named the Black Wind Mouth glacier advance taking place on the west and north slopes of the volcanic cone at an elevation of 2000-2100 m a.s.l., which is dated to about 20 ka, being the result of the Last Glacial Maximum （LGM）. The other is named the Meteorological Station glacier advance at the elevation of 2400-2600 m a.s.l., dated to 11 ka during the late glacial period, and is tentatively correlated to the Younger Dryas stage. The scope of the former glacier advance is larger than that of the latter. Regional comparisons showed that the glacial sequences in the Changbai Mountains are similar to other glaciated areas in eastern Asia during the later part of the last glacial cycle.