排污流速比对河流水体中悬浮物沉降和底泥再悬浮的影响

采用数值模拟和水槽试验相结合的方法,研究河道排污口不同排污流速比(R分别为4.5、7.2和9.9)对悬浮物在排污口下游区域沉降和底泥再悬浮的影响。结果表明:随着流速比的增加,紊动越剧烈,污染云团扩散范围越大,沉降和悬浮作用也越明显。不同流速比情况下,通过底部水平面的沉降通量变化趋势基本一致,即先增加、后稳定,通量总量随着流速比增大而增加;由于临界起动流速(对应于R=5.8)的存在导致低流速比(R=4.5)情况下再悬浮通量增长缓慢,而中流速比(R=7.2)和高流速比(R=9.9)情况下再悬浮通量增长迅速。由此可见,排污流速对排污口下游区域悬浮物的沉降和底泥再悬浮具有重要的影响。     

稳定同位素技术对贵州青菜洞和癞子洞营养级关系的研究

本文应用稳定同位素技术对贵州喀斯特洞穴青菜洞和癞子洞生态系统的营养级关系进行研究。结果表明,青菜洞和癞子洞食物链的碳源主要为洞穴内土壤有机质,为第一营养级(即初级生产者);洞穴内软体动物的螺类和节肢动物的裸灶螽、马陆等主要以土壤有机质和颗粒有机物为食,为第二营养级(即初级消费者);洞穴内的节肢动物的蜘蛛类和脊椎动物主要以其他动物为食物,为第三营养级(即次级消费者)。本文中青菜洞Δδ15 N的富集因子为2.9‰,癞子洞Δδ15 N的富集因子为2.46‰。     

防城港湾夏季水质及表层沉积物重金属污染评价

【目的】调查及评价广西防城港湾的重金属污染现状。【方法】2013年8月从广西防城港湾采集33个站位海水样品和11个站位表层沉积物样品,测定海水和沉积物中重金属(铜、铅、锌、镉、汞、砷)含量,再采用单因子指数法和生态风险指数法对采集的海水和沉积物污染状况进行评价。【结果】该海域海水重金属污染程度由高到低分别是PbZnHgCuCdAs,其中,Pb的平均单项污染指数均大于1,超过国家一类海水水质标准;沉积物中重金属平均含量排序为ZnPbCuAsCdHg,均符合国家一类沉积物标准;沉积物重金属污染程度排序为AsPbCuZnHgCd,即污染程度均属于低污染;潜在危害的影响程度从大到小排序为HgAsCdPbCuZn,即潜在风险较低。【结论】夏季防城港湾海洋重金属环境质量状况良好。     

隧道前方大型溶洞对隧道围岩稳定性影响

在尚家湾隧道施工期间,曾预报并揭露大型溶洞,溶洞的存在给隧道施工带来极大的安全隐患。以尚家湾隧道为背景,开展数值试验。通过对比隧道前方有、无溶洞条件下开挖工况,从位移、应力、塑性区3个方面分析了隧道前方大型溶洞对隧道围岩稳定性的影响。研究表明:对于本工程而言,溶洞对隧道底部和左侧拱腰的影响要大于对隧道顶部及右侧拱腰的影响;隧道前方存在大型溶洞条件下塑性区体积随开挖位置呈指数增长。隧道前方无溶洞条件下,塑性区体积随开挖位置呈线性增长,即溶洞的存在大大加速了隧道开挖塑性破坏区的增长。该研究对岩溶地区隧道安全施工具有一定的指导意义。     

Can we agree on an ecological classification of subterranean animals?

That the ties between any obligate subterranean species and the hypogean environment depend on the interplay of a species' own physiological characteristics and all of the ecological characteristics of the adjacent epigean habitat(s), including biotic factors, has been emphasized. The reasons why troglomorphy cannot be included within criteria for classifying cave dwellers have been demonstrated. After a review of historic classifications, standardized definitions of the most widely used terms are proposed. The most easily recognized are four categories which are terminological approximations of the classic Schiner‐Racovitza terminology: (1) troglobiont is a species or population, strictly bound to a hypogean habitat; (2) eutroglophile is an essentially epigean species, but able to maintain a permanent subterranean population; (3) subtroglophile is inclined perpetually or temporarily to inhabit a subterranean habitat but is bound to the surface for some biological functions (e.g. feeding); (4) trogloxene is a species only occurring sporadically underground.     

吴子高速黄土隧道施工技术研究

通过对黄土隧道的现场施工，重点论述了在隧道施工中针对湿陷性黄土这一特殊地质情况而采用的相应基础处理、洞口施工、初期支护、监测等工序中需要注意的施工要点和方法，阐明了针对黄土隧道群的施工技术和要点。     

金坛盐穴储气库腔体偏溶特征分析

国内可用于盐穴储气库建设的盐矿以层状盐岩为主,造腔过程中普遍存在腔体偏溶现象,研究其特征及成因对国内以后盐穴储气库的建设具有一定的借鉴作用。以国内第一个盐穴储气库金坛储气库为研究对象,基于声呐测腔数据,提出了以偏溶系数,即腔体最大半径与同一平面最小半径的比值,来定量表征腔体的偏溶程度,最大半径方向即为腔体偏溶方向。统计结果表明,金坛储气库腔体偏溶系数1.13~11.88,偏溶方向以北东南西向为主。结合夹层、可造腔盐层厚度和地应力数据,分析了腔体偏溶发生的原因,认为造腔过程中夹层的不均匀垮塌可促使腔体发生偏溶;可造腔盐层厚度越大,腔体发生偏溶的可能性就越大,偏溶程度就越严重;地应力方向对腔体的偏溶方向具有重要影响。     

广西洞穴金线鲃属一新种

描记采于广西天鹅县板么乡一洞穴的金线鲃属一新种，以采集地县名命名为天鹅金线鲃Sinocyclocheilus tianeensis Li,Xiao et Luo.sp.nov.新种与产于乐业的鸭嘴金线鲃S.anatirostris Lin et Luo相近，但有下列特征可明显区别：①新种体被密集细鳞，后者裸露无鳞；②新种眼虽退化，但仍能见到隐于膜下的小眼，后者眼已完全退化成盲眼；③新种体色紫褐色，后者无色呈半透明状。     

Dating recent lake sediments using spheroidal carbonaceous particle （SCP）

Dating lake sediment using sedimentary event is the supplement and calibration to traditional dating by radionuclide such as ^210Pb and ^137Cs. Based on the change of spheroidal carbonaceous particle (SCP) concentration, the age sequence of lake sediments can be deduced. It is one of the dating methods using sedimentary event. SCP is formed from combustion of fossil fuel at high temperature up to1750℃ and at a rate of heating of approaching 104℃/s. It can be dispersed to several hundred kilometers away from its source and deposited with precipitation or dryly deposited, and kept in sediments. Compared with Cs or Pb, there is no evidence for SCP that it decays in lake sediments and is unremovable once stored except by physical disturbance because it is mainly composed of element carbon. Handy method to extract, identify and calculate has been developed. Although fossil fuel has been used early in China, combustion at high temperature started later since emergence of electricity generation. The productivity of SCP is positively related with the generated thermal power, which is reflected as the SCP concentration in lake sediments increases with the increase of generated thermal power. Therefore, reliable sediment markers from the start of the SCP record and the remarkable variation can be used for dating purpose. In China, electricity industry started from the 1950s, and rapid increase of generated power took place since 1978. Based on these time markers, SCP time sequences of lake sediment cores LH and LL-4 from Longgan Lake, the middle reach of the Yangtze River, have been established, which is comparable with the results from ^137Cs and ^210pb, and has eliminated the errors of dating using ^137Cs and ^210pb.