Abundance,species richness and diversity of the orb-weaving spider families Araneidae,Nephilidae and Tetragnathidae in natural habitats in Trinidad,West Indies

This study examined the biodiversity of orb-weaving spiders in natural habitats in Trinidad, a continental island with a northern South American fauna. Forty-six localities were sampled, classified into seven formations (representing vegetation structure) and 16 habitat types (based on plant species composition), using visual search and sweep-netting methods, resulting in a total of 1225 individuals of 57 species. Abundance and species richness were significantly related to formation but not habitat type, while both factors influenced species diversity, evenness and dominance. Gamma (γ) diversity had a larger component of β than α diversity did, indicating that between-habitat differences are a substantial part of regional diversity in orb-weaving spiders in Trinidad.     

虎纹捕鸟蛛（Selenocosimia huwena）粗毒对蟾蜍神经肌肉接头传递的影响

１０－５～１０－４ｇ／ｍｌ虎纹捕鸟蛛粗毒对蟾蜍坐骨神经肌肉标本有阻遏作用，１×１０－４ｇ／ｍｌ粗毒发生阻断的时间为３８ｍｉｎ，但不改变神经干动作电位，不影响肌肉对直接刺激的反应。阻断后肌肉对间接强直刺激仍可发生强直收缩；粗毒对蟾蜍坐骨神经肌肉标本的阻断作用表现为：初期４～５０秒的收缩增强继而转向抑制；粗毒可对抗箭毒的阻断作用；蟾蜍在体坐骨神经肌肉标本可被粗毒阻断，但阻断后可以恢复；粗毒不改变蛙腹直肌对Ａｃｈ的敏感性，粗毒中含有拟胆碱成份。箭毒可以阻止粗毒对蛙腹直肌的拟胆碱效应；该粗毒对蟾蜍坐骨神经肌肉标本的阻遏作用发生在神经肌肉接头，粗毒中含有拟胆碱组份，此组份可能通过后膜去极化阻断神经肌肉接头。     

棉叶螨对久效磷的抗药性研究

对棉叶螨久效磷抗性种群研究表明，棉叶螨对久效磷的抗性可能与ＡｃｈＥ敏感性下降，ＧＳＴ和ＭＦＯ活性上升有关，该种群对常见杀虫，杀螨剂的交互抗性研究结果：久效磷与氧化乐果（１１．２７倍）、水胺硫磷（６．７０倍）等有机磷化合物和三氟氯氰菊酯（１３１倍）及双甲脒（５．７５倍）都有交互抗性，而与其他测定药剂间均无交互抗性。     

金属离子活化过硫酸钠降解靛蓝胭脂红的研究

以搅拌釜为反应装置,直接染料靛蓝胭脂红（IC）为目标污染物模拟染料废水,比较了Mn²⁺、Fe²⁺、Cu²⁺、Zn²⁺、Ag⁺、Mg²⁺ 6种金属离子活化过硫酸钠降解IC的效果。研究结果表明Fe²⁺对过硫酸钠的活化效果最好。通过对Fe²⁺活化过硫酸钠处理IC的条件进行优化发现,当温度为25℃、pH为7.3、IC质量浓度为200 mg/L、Na₂S₂O₈浓度为0.8 mmol/L、Fe²⁺的浓度为0.8 mmol/L时,靛蓝胭脂红的脱色率可在5 min内达到100%。     

基于动态多子族群自适应群居蜘蛛优化算法

为了提高群居蜘蛛优化算法(SSO)样本多样性和算法收敛性能,提出了一种基于动态多子族群自适应群居蜘蛛优化算法(DMASSO).根据算法样本多样性和算法进化程度,动态的将蜘蛛种群分成若干个主导子族群和辅助子族群,在不同子族群中分别引入自适应学习因子和高斯扰动因子改进算法个体更新方式,实现提高算法全局寻优能力和保持群体样本多样性.针对具有典型特点的测试函数仿真结果表明,较SSO算法、MSFLA算法等优化算法相比,新算法在收敛速度和收敛精度上均有明显改善.     

零流电位技术条件下聚胭脂红膜的制备及其对pH值的响应

采用零流电位技术对在铅笔芯电极表面电聚合胭脂红膜的聚合条件进行了优化,制备出对pH值具有稳定灵敏能斯特响应的聚胭脂红膜,计算出膜与质子在不同pH下的交换反应速率常数.由于聚胭脂红膜与溶液中的质子可以发生一级动力学交换反应,且交换速率常数随pH的增大而增大,因此导致膜零流电位负移程度加大,使膜电极的零流电位与溶液的pH值在3.29~11.58的范围内符合下列等式:EZCP/mV=(280.3±6.3)-(15.11±0.68)pH(R=0.997,n=9).该聚胭脂红膜修饰铅笔芯电极具有良好的重复性、精密度与准确性.     

中国自由生活革螨调查报告(Ⅻ)(蜱螨亚纲:中气门目)

通过整理和鉴定,有革螨12科20属32种,其中省区新记录14种。包括厉螨科Laelapidae西宁下盾螨Hypoaspis xiningensis Ma et Lin, 2009(西藏自治区新记录);湖南下盾螨Hypoaspis hunanensis Ma et Zheng, 2000(云南省新记录)。镰螨科Blattisocidae帕尔巴特手绥螨Cheiroseius parbatensis Evans et Hyatt, 1960(西藏自治区新记录)。裂胸螨科Aceosejidae半裂北绥螨Arctoseius semiscissus(Berlese, 1892)(山西省新记录)。寄螨科Parasitidae邓氏寄螨Parasitus tengkuofani Ma, 1995(西藏自治区新记录)。囊螨科Ascidae安氏囊螨Asca anwenjui Ma,2003(西藏自治区新记录)。胭螨科Rhodacaridae单刺枝厉螨Dendrolaelaps unispinatus Ishikawa,1977(北京市新记录);匈牙利拟枝厉螨Dendrolaelaspis hungaricus Hirschmann et Wisniewski,1982(山西省新记录)。美绥螨科Ameroseiidae越南美绥螨Ameroseius vietnamensis Micherdzinski,1965(西藏自治区新记录);印度新曲厉螨Neocypholaelaps indica Evans,1963(西藏自治区新记录)。犹伊螨科Eviphididae果洛蜣盾螨Scarabaspis guoluoensis Liu,Gu et Ma,1992(西藏自治区新记录)。植绥螨科Phytoseiidae伪新小绥螨Neoseiulus fallacies (Garman,1948)(西藏自治区新记录);装饰新小绥螨Neoseiulus ornatus (Liang et Ke,1984)(西藏自治区新记录);芬兰真绥螨Euseius finlandicus (Oudemans,1915)(西藏自治区新记录)。     

云南省20县(市)树鼩体表寄生恙螨的初步分析

目的:初步了解云南省树鼩(Tupaia belangeri)体表寄生恙螨的种类构成、物种多样性及其空间分布情况。方法:选择云南省20县(市)进行现场调查,用鼠笼加食饵诱捕树鼩,收集其双侧耳廓和外耳道的恙螨幼虫,进行分类、鉴定。用物种丰富度指数(S)、群落均匀度(J’)、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H’)和生态优势度指数(C’)对树鼩体表寄生恙螨的群落结构和多样性进行分析;用扩散系数(C)、Cassie指数(CA)及聚块指数(m*/m)进行空间分布型研究。结果:捕获树鼩229只,其体表共采集恙螨13 609只,隶属于3亚科10属68种(不含4种待定种)。总染螨率为33.6%,总螨指数为59.4,其中中华纤恙螨、树鼩纤恙螨、永胜纤恙螨、小板纤恙螨、乡野纤恙螨、于氏纤恙螨、王氏纤恙螨和西盟合轮恙螨8种为优势种。用上述3种空间分布型指数对树鼩体表的8种优势恙螨进行测定结果表明均呈聚集分布,除西蒙合轮恙螨CA=0外,其余均大于界限值0或1。结论:云南省树鼩体表恙螨种类繁多,数量丰富,物种多样性高8,种优势恙螨呈聚集型分布。     

Structure and distribution of carapace setae in British spider crabs

Carapace setae were examined by SEM in species of spider crabs (Family Majidae). These setae are predominantly hamate (i.e. hooked), to which extraneous materials are attached for the purpose of concealment. They are described for eight species collected around the Isle of Man. In each species setae were sorted to types on the basis of consistent differences in size, shape and fine structure. Diversity ranged from two to six types per species, and this was examined in the context of their masking, or camouflage, habits. Certain setae can be assigned to particular species, so a limited taxonomic usage is indicated: however, further work is required for this to become a comprehensive tool. Distribution of setal types on the carapace is also described, and compared to patterns reported in previous studies.     

Offspring discrimination by female parents of the matriphagous spider Cheiracanthium japonicum (Araneae: Eutichuridae)

The ability of females of the matriphagous spider Cheiracanthium japonicum to discern their own offspring was examined based on a comparison of her maternal care for her own eggs and spiderlings with other conspecific females as well as those of other congeneric species. Cheiracanthium japonicum females did not discern their own nest from those of conspecific and congeneric individuals. In addition, the female did not distinguish her own egg sac from those of other conspecific or congeneric individuals. On the other hand, the female clearly discriminated between her own spiderlings and those of other congeneric species only if the congeneric spiderlings were introduced into the breeding nest. Consequently, the female will allow conspecific spiderlings to predate her (i.e. cannibalism). However, it is hardly expected that spiderlings of a certain female would eat another female in the field, as the reproductive period is quite short and synchronised in a population. Considering that the female can only recognise spiderlings of other species, the recognition ability of C. japonicum females will be evolved only to work as a protection against intruders of other species into the breeding nest.