集中荷载下碳纳米管的弯曲及其分子动力学模拟

利用圆柱壳半无矩理论研究了悬臂碳纳米管在集中荷载作用下的弯曲问题,得到了该问题的内力解和位移解,并通过分子动力学模拟验证了理论解的适用性.研究结果表明,当锯齿型碳纳米管长径比为5.2～12.0、扶手椅型碳纳米管长径比为5.5～18.0时,理论解与分子动力学模拟结果较为吻合.     

含缺陷双层碳纳米管轴压屈曲的分子动力学模拟

为充分了解双层碳纳米管的力学性能,采用分子动力学模拟方法对双层碳纳米管的轴压屈曲变形进行了研究,针对双层碳纳米管的内、外管均为完善管或外管为完善管而内管存在不同缺陷的情况,着重分析对比了内、外管的单壁承载性能及变形特性.结果表明两支单层碳纳米管嵌套形成双层碳纳米管后,无论内管是否存在缺陷,内、外管的单管承载能力均大幅提高,且当内管单独受压产生屈曲变形时,双层碳纳米管的内、外层管变形并不协调.     

活性炭、氧化铝及其负载二氧化钛催化臭氧处理制浆废水

为提高臭氧处理制浆废水的效果,分别以活性炭(AC)、氧化铝(Al2O3)和溶胶-凝胶法制备的TiO2/AC、TiO2/Al2O3为催化剂催化臭氧处理制浆废水,采用扫描电镜和X-射线衍射仪对催化剂进行表征.结果表明:AC、A Al2O3、TiO2/AC和TiO2/Al2O3均具有催化性能,可有效提高臭氧对制浆废水化学需氧量(CODCr)和色度的去除效果.动力学分析表明,AC、TiO2/AC、Al2O3和TiO2/Al2O3催化臭氧处理制浆废水的过程中,CODCr降解的反应符合表观二级动力学方程,负载的TiO2提高了反应的动力学速率常数.气相色谱-质谱联用分析表明,臭氧及催化臭氧处理能有效降解去除漂白废水中的烷基苯类、酯类和氯代烃类等有毒有机污染物.     

Biodegradation of dissolved organic carbon in soil extracts and leachates from a temperate forest stand and its relationship to ultraviolet absorbance

The amount and biodegradability of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in forest floors can contribute to carbon sequestration in soils and the release of CO 2-C from soil to the atmosphere.There is only limited knowledge about the biodegradation of DOC in soil extracts and leachates due to the limitations inherent in degradation experiments.Differences in the biodegradation of DOC were studied in forest soil extracts using cold and hot water and 4 mmol/L CaCl 2 solution and in soil leachates sampled under different conditions over a wide range of DOC concentrations.From these results,we developed a simple and rapid method for determining the biodegradable organic C in forest floors.The hot water extracts and CaCl 2 extracts after CH 3 Cl fumigation contained higher concentrations of biodegradable organic C than the cold water extracts and CaCl 2 extracts before fumigation,with rapid DOC degradation occurring 24-48 h after incubation with an inoculum,followed by slow DOC degradation till 120-168 h into the incubation.During a 7-d incubation with an inoculum,the variation in DOC degradation in the different soil extracts was consistent with the change in special UV absorbance at 254 nm.Relatively higher levels of biodegradable organic C were detected in soil leachates from the forest canopy than in forest gaps between April and October 2008 (P <0.05).Relatively lower concentrations of DOC and biodegradable organic C were observed in soil leachates from N-fertilized plots during the growing season compared with the control,with the exception of the plot treated with KNO 3 at a rate of 45 kg N ha 1 a 1.Around 77.4% to 96.3% of the variability in the biodegradable organic C concentrations in the forest floors could be accounted for by the initial DOC concentration and UV absorbance at 254 nm.Compared with the conventional inoculum incubation method,the method of analyzing UV absorbance at 254 nm is less time consuming and requires a much smaller sample volume.The results suggest that the regression models obtained using the initial DOC concentration and UV absorbance can provide a rapid,simple and reliable method for determining the biodegradable organic C content,especially in field studies involving relatively large numbers of samples.     

Determination of trace heavy metals in milk using an ionic liquid and bismuth oxide nanoparticles modified carbon paste electrode

A novel carbon composite electrode modified with bismuth oxide nanoparticles and the ionic liquid n-octylpyridinium hexafluorophosphate was fabricated and used to simultaneously determine cadmium and lead levels using square wave anodic stripping voltammetry.This electrode combines the unique advantages of nanomaterials and ionic liquid with the low cost and easy fabrication of the carbon composite electrode.Compared with the traditional binder based composite electrode,our electrode exhibited well-defined and separate stripping voltammetric peaks for cadmium and lead.Furthermore,the antifouling capacity of the bismuth film electrode was significantly improved by the ionic liquid.Under optimized conditions,the linear range of the composite electrode was from 3.0 to 30.0 μg L-1 for both metal ions with a detection limit of 0.15 μg L-1 for cadmium and 0.21 μg L-1 for lead.Trial milk sample analyses showed that the modified electrode was sensitive,reliable and effective for the determination of trace heavy metals,holding great promise for routine analysis applications.     

Experimental study of n-heptane ignition delay with carbon dioxide addition in a rapid compression machine under low-temperature conditions

The ignition delay of n-heptane homogeneous charge compression ignition(HCCI) combustion under high levels of carbon dioxide addition was quantitatively measured at elevated pressure from low to intermediate temperatures in a rapid compression machine.The experiments were conducted in the compressed temperature range 613-750 K.Both the compression ratio and fuel/air equivalence ratio were varied to investigate their effects on the ignition delay of n-heptane.Carbon dioxide was subsequently added to study the influence of the carbon dioxide level on the ignition delay of n-heptane under low-temperature conditions.It was found that carbon dioxide had different effects on the two-stages of ignition delay of n-heptane under low-temperature conditions:the concentration of carbon dioxide had little effect on the first-stage ignition time;a certain concentration of carbon dioxide accelerated the first-stage ignition but had a significantly larger impact on the second-stage ignition delay,thus increasing the overall ignition delay time.The results also showed that the first-stage ignition delay of n-heptane is only a function of temperature under low-temperature conditions.The mass of n-heptane in the combustible mixture,the equivalence ratio,and the pressure at the top dead center had little effect on the first-stage ignition time of n-heptane.     

Variability of snail growing season at the Chinese Loess Plateau during the last 75 ka

Knowledge of seasonal climate change is one of the key issues facing Quaternary paleoclimatic studies and estimating seasonal climate change is difficult,especially changes such as seasonal length on glacial-interglacial timescales.The stable isotope composition from seasonal land snail shells provides the potential to reveal seasonal climatic features.Two modern land snail species,cold-aridiphilous Pupilla aeoli and thermo-humidiphilous Punctum orphana,were collected from different climatic zones in 18 localities across the Chinese Loess Plateau,spanning 11 degrees of longitude and covering a range of 1000 km2.The duration of the snail growing season(temperature ≥10℃) was shorter(202 ± 6 d) in the eastern Loess Plateau compared with in the western Loess Plateau(162 ±7 d).The δ13C of P.aeoli shells was ?9.1‰ to ?4.7‰ and ?5.0‰ to 0.3‰ for δ18O.For P.orphana,the δ13C ranged from ?9.1‰ to ?1.9‰ and ?8.9‰ to ?2.9‰ for δ18O.Both the δ13C and δ18O differences between the two snail species were reduced from the east to the western Loess Plateau(2.8‰ to 0.2 ± 1.1‰ for δ13C and 4.7‰ to 2.9 ± 1.3‰ for δ18O).These isotopic differences roughly reflect the difference in the growing season lengths between the east and west Loess Plateau indicating that the duration of the snail growing season shortens by 15 d or 19 d if the difference decreases by 1‰ in δ13C or δ18O,respectively.Thus,the difference in δ13C and δ18O between both snail species can be used to reveal the length of the snail growing season in the past.Based on our investigation,the length of the snail growing seasons from the Xifeng region during the last 75 ka was reconstructed.During the mid-Holocene(8-3 ka),the mean isotopic difference from both snail species reached maximum values of 2.6 ± 0.7‰ and 2.1 ± 1.4‰ for δ13C and δ18O,respectively.This was followed by MIS 3 that ranged from 2.5 ± 0.4‰ for δ13C and 1.6 ± 0.8‰ for δ18O.The Last Glacial Maximum changed by only 0.2‰ and 0.4‰ for δ13C and δ18O,respectively.Therefore,we estimate that the duration of the snail growing seasons to be ～200 ± 10 d during the mid-Holocene,190 ± 6 d in MIS 3 and 160 ± 3 d during the last glacial period.     

应用活性炭在燃烧后捕获二氧化碳的研究

从燃烧后大型固定二氧化碳点源捕获分离二氧化碳,如燃烧化石燃料的发电厂,水泥和钢铁厂,能减少操作成本并提高效率。利用活性炭分离吸附二氧化碳操作简单和成本低廉。而且,许多副产品及废物都可以作为活性炭的来源。因此,活性炭分离吸附二氧化碳的技术有远大前途。     

基于光纤光栅传感技术的加筋边坡模型试验

以边坡模型试验为例,证明光纤光栅传感技术在克服电磁干扰、提高耐久性等方面的优越性.边坡模型在加载至36 kN时,坡面开始较明确的裂缝,在完成39 kN加载后,坡面出现更多裂缝,并且裂缝逐渐发展贯通,证明边坡已经发生破坏,坡面裂缝贯通,部分土体沿坡面滑落.最后,利用试验数据剖析了加筋边坡的工作机理,阐述了土工格栅对提高边坡稳定性的意义.