微结构光纤分布式传感技术实现油井压裂监测

提出了一种使用聚酰亚胺涂敷、低羟基高纯石英玻璃微结构的散射增强型微结构光纤,用于监测和评估油井开采中水力压裂技术的过程与效果,该光纤对高温、高湿度、富氢环境有较好的耐受力。通过分布式传感系统测量了该光纤的散射增强效果,当光纤损耗为3 dB/km时,测量精度可以提高2~5倍,在实际油井压裂监测中,微结构光纤分布式传感系统数据结果显示,可以对压裂效果实现监测并进一步指导压裂和暂堵工作。     

离心铸造碳钢-高铬铸铁复合管有限元模拟研究

采用离心铸造的碳钢--高铬铸铁复合管界面达到了冶金结合.利用ANSYS有限元软件对复合管凝固过程外层及内外层温度场进行了模拟与分析.模拟结果表明:离心浇注外层20钢大约9 s后,铸件最低温度为1430℃,已经低于20钢固相线温度1490℃,由此可见,浇注间隔时间为9s时,可形成规则稳定的过渡层.当外层20钢的温度降至1350℃时,浇注高铬铸铁,大约30 s后,内层的温度已降至1257℃,低于高铬铸铁固相线温度,此时,内层熔体已经完全凝固.     

Biodegradation of dissolved organic carbon in soil extracts and leachates from a temperate forest stand and its relationship to ultraviolet absorbance

The amount and biodegradability of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in forest floors can contribute to carbon sequestration in soils and the release of CO 2-C from soil to the atmosphere.There is only limited knowledge about the biodegradation of DOC in soil extracts and leachates due to the limitations inherent in degradation experiments.Differences in the biodegradation of DOC were studied in forest soil extracts using cold and hot water and 4 mmol/L CaCl 2 solution and in soil leachates sampled under different conditions over a wide range of DOC concentrations.From these results,we developed a simple and rapid method for determining the biodegradable organic C in forest floors.The hot water extracts and CaCl 2 extracts after CH 3 Cl fumigation contained higher concentrations of biodegradable organic C than the cold water extracts and CaCl 2 extracts before fumigation,with rapid DOC degradation occurring 24-48 h after incubation with an inoculum,followed by slow DOC degradation till 120-168 h into the incubation.During a 7-d incubation with an inoculum,the variation in DOC degradation in the different soil extracts was consistent with the change in special UV absorbance at 254 nm.Relatively higher levels of biodegradable organic C were detected in soil leachates from the forest canopy than in forest gaps between April and October 2008 (P <0.05).Relatively lower concentrations of DOC and biodegradable organic C were observed in soil leachates from N-fertilized plots during the growing season compared with the control,with the exception of the plot treated with KNO 3 at a rate of 45 kg N ha 1 a 1.Around 77.4% to 96.3% of the variability in the biodegradable organic C concentrations in the forest floors could be accounted for by the initial DOC concentration and UV absorbance at 254 nm.Compared with the conventional inoculum incubation method,the method of analyzing UV absorbance at 254 nm is less time consuming and requires a much smaller sample volume.The results suggest that the regression models obtained using the initial DOC concentration and UV absorbance can provide a rapid,simple and reliable method for determining the biodegradable organic C content,especially in field studies involving relatively large numbers of samples.     

Variability of snail growing season at the Chinese Loess Plateau during the last 75 ka

Knowledge of seasonal climate change is one of the key issues facing Quaternary paleoclimatic studies and estimating seasonal climate change is difficult,especially changes such as seasonal length on glacial-interglacial timescales.The stable isotope composition from seasonal land snail shells provides the potential to reveal seasonal climatic features.Two modern land snail species,cold-aridiphilous Pupilla aeoli and thermo-humidiphilous Punctum orphana,were collected from different climatic zones in 18 localities across the Chinese Loess Plateau,spanning 11 degrees of longitude and covering a range of 1000 km2.The duration of the snail growing season(temperature ≥10℃) was shorter(202 ± 6 d) in the eastern Loess Plateau compared with in the western Loess Plateau(162 ±7 d).The δ13C of P.aeoli shells was ?9.1‰ to ?4.7‰ and ?5.0‰ to 0.3‰ for δ18O.For P.orphana,the δ13C ranged from ?9.1‰ to ?1.9‰ and ?8.9‰ to ?2.9‰ for δ18O.Both the δ13C and δ18O differences between the two snail species were reduced from the east to the western Loess Plateau(2.8‰ to 0.2 ± 1.1‰ for δ13C and 4.7‰ to 2.9 ± 1.3‰ for δ18O).These isotopic differences roughly reflect the difference in the growing season lengths between the east and west Loess Plateau indicating that the duration of the snail growing season shortens by 15 d or 19 d if the difference decreases by 1‰ in δ13C or δ18O,respectively.Thus,the difference in δ13C and δ18O between both snail species can be used to reveal the length of the snail growing season in the past.Based on our investigation,the length of the snail growing seasons from the Xifeng region during the last 75 ka was reconstructed.During the mid-Holocene(8-3 ka),the mean isotopic difference from both snail species reached maximum values of 2.6 ± 0.7‰ and 2.1 ± 1.4‰ for δ13C and δ18O,respectively.This was followed by MIS 3 that ranged from 2.5 ± 0.4‰ for δ13C and 1.6 ± 0.8‰ for δ18O.The Last Glacial Maximum changed by only 0.2‰ and 0.4‰ for δ13C and δ18O,respectively.Therefore,we estimate that the duration of the snail growing seasons to be ～200 ± 10 d during the mid-Holocene,190 ± 6 d in MIS 3 and 160 ± 3 d during the last glacial period.     

Carbon isotopic record of foraminifers in surface sediments from the South China Sea and its significance

Since the 1990s, the papers and data involved withthe South China Sea (SCS) have been emerging in largenumbers in the world as people pay more attention to thepaleoceanography of the SCS. There have been more than100 cores mentioned in papers containing p…     

碳热还原氮化一步法制备钒氮合金工艺研究

对V2O5自还原氮化过程进行热力学分析,并以工业级V2O5和炭黑为原料,经过混料、研磨、压制成块后进行烧结和还原氮化,制得含氮量较高的钒氮合金。结果表明,为了避免V2O5在还原过程中挥发,预还原温度应控制在V2O5熔点(678℃)以下;经过650℃预还原4h,试样中的V2O5才能全部转化为低价态的钒氧化物;V2O5在N2气氛下自还原时,还原终温低于1 271℃时,还原产物优先生成VN,还原终温高于1 271℃时,还原产物中才会出现大量VC;为保证还原产物的高氮和低碳含量,应将还原氮化最终温度控制在1 200～1 300℃。     

非均匀光纤中色散特性的研究

本文研究在非均匀光纤传输系统中,周期性材料色散扰动对光脉冲的影响,并且建立了正弦型均匀扰动模型．利用傅立叶变换法,分别推导了非均匀光纤传输系统中,二阶色散系数受周期性扰动时,无啁啾高斯型光脉冲受二阶色散;二阶和三阶色散共同决定群速度色散效应时,脉冲传输的解析表达式．并在理论上阐述了波形变化．波形显示:对于无啁啾的高斯光脉冲,当扰动程度和扰动周期很大时,二阶色散使脉冲在开始阶段有一个窄化过程,脉冲峰值变高,脉宽被明显压缩;对于二阶和三阶共同作用时,脉冲不仅产生拖尾震荡结构,而且脉冲的震荡沿上翘.当扰动程度和扰动周期很大时,在开始阶段脉冲被压缩,波形发生变化．本文的研究对光纤周期性色散材料对光脉冲的影响有重要的意义．     

Fe/SiO2催化剂的快速制备及催化生长碳纳米管

以纳米二氧化硅吸附和分散FeCl3.6H2O,采用旋转蒸发-高温还原法合成出Fe/SiO2催化剂。采用化学气相沉积法制备碳纳米管,使用SEM和TEM对产物进行了表征。结果表明,当Fe/(SiO2 Fe)(物质的量比)为17.5%时,能够制备出高质量的直径为30~50nm的多壁碳纳米管。     

流速梯度场中重新定向排列碳纳米管机理分析

理论分析了流速梯度场中碳纳米管重新定向排列机理,其断面的流速呈抛物面分布,碳纳米管在流股剪切力作用下沿拉伸方向重新定向排列.用反复拉伸法制备出了碳纳米管沿拉伸方向定向排列且均匀分散的碳纳米管/聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯复合材料,实验结果证明拉伸法和速度梯度场中定向排列碳纳米管的理论相符.     

活性炭电极电吸附除盐的研究

用活性炭、酚醛树脂和乌洛托品制备了活性炭电极．并研究了吸附时间、电压、溶液初始浓度和体积对电吸附除盐效果的影响．结果表明：随着吸附时间的增加除盐率也增加,吸附平衡时间为120min;电压越高电吸附效果越好;溶液初始浓度越大除盐率越低;处理溶液的体积越大除盐率也越低．