热压含碳球团冷态强度的实验研究

重点考察了煤种及热压工艺参数对热压含碳球团冷态强度的影响,并探讨了热压含碳球团获得高强度的机理.研究表明,煤种、配煤量、热压温度、配煤粒度及热压压力等热压工艺参数对热压含碳球团强度具有显著影响,其中热压温度是影响冷态强度最重要的因素.热压工艺利用煤的热塑性保证煤矿颗粒充分接触,增大粘结面积,从而使热压含碳球团的强度高于冷固结含碳球团.从冷态强度角度出发,以鹤岗烟煤为原料生产热压含碳球团的适宜工艺参数为配煤量25%~35%,热压温度450℃,配煤粒度<90μm,热压压力不低于35 MPa.     

生物质液体燃料生产系统技术经济建模及分析

利用生物质生产液体燃料是世界可再生能源发展的趋势之一。由于生物质液体燃料的原料来源及收集方式和生产工艺具有特殊性,其生产系统与现有化石液体燃料有较大区别。该文建立了包括多个通用模块的技术经济分析模型,以解决不同原料和工艺路线的生物质液体燃料生产系统的投资及成本分析和生产组织优化等问题。利用该模型对以玉米秸秆为原料的乙醇生产系统进行了案例分析。分析结果表明:目前1万t/a规模的玉米秸秆乙醇单位成本以加工费用为主,乙醇产出系数和生产操作费用系数变化对于成本影响最大。     

科尔沁沙地灌丛改造的工程措施及效果

为了发挥沙生灌木防风固沙和改善生态环境的更大的作用,采用了围封、平茬和补植等工程措施对沙生灌木进行了改造,其改造结果表明:围封2.5年后,所有灌木植物的地上生物量、平均株高和基径均有明显增加,以小黄柳(salix gordejevii)增长最大,围封是未围封的4倍;平茬当年生长量非常明显,地上生物量接近或超过未平茬的植株,未平茬的年生长高度均小于平茬;直播、植苗和扦插是增加灌木分布和覆盖面积的较好的方法,补植2～3年后,随着草本植物的入侵,沙面开始稳定.经过改造,可以增加植物覆盖度,提高灌木和草本生长量,达到改善生态环境的效果.     

On-line catalytic upgrading of biomass fast pyrolysis products

Pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry （Py-GC/MS） was employed to achieve fast pyrolysis of biomass and on-line analysis of the pyrolysis vapors. Four biomass materials （poplar wood, fir wood, cotton straw and rice husk） were pyrolyzed to reveal the difference among their products. Moreover, catalytic cracking of the pyrolysis vapors from cotton straw was performed by using five catalysts, including two microporous zeolites （HZSM-5 and HY） and three mesoporous catalysts （ZrO2＆TiO2, SBA-15 and AI/SBA-15）. The results showed that the distribution of the pyrolytic products from the four materials differed a little from each other, while catalytic cracking could significantly alter the pyrolytic products. Those important primary pyrolytic products such as levoglucosan, hydroxyacetaldehyde and 1-hydroxy-2-propanone were decreased greatly after catalysis. The two microporous zeolites were ef- fective to generate high yields of hydrocarbons, while the three mesoporous materials favored the formation of furan, furfural and other furan compounds, as well as acetic acid.     

Effects of acetylene at low concentrations on nitrification, mineralization and microbial biomass nitrogen concentrations in forest soils

Temperate forest surface soils at the varying distances from main trunks (e.g., Pinus koraiensis and Quercus mongolica) were used to study the effects of acetylene (C₂H₂) at low concentrations on nitrification, mineralization and microbial biomass N concentrations of the soils, and to assess the contribution of heterotrophic nitrification to nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from soils. The use of acetylene at partial pressures within a range from 10 to 100 Pa C₂H₂ in headspace gas gave a significant decrease in N₂O emission at soil moisture of c. 45% water-filled porosity space, and the decrease was almost the same in each soil after exposure of C₂H₂ at low concentrations. Heterotrophic nitrification could account for 21%―48% of total N₂O emission from each soil; the contribution would increase with increasing distances from the Pinus koraiensis trunks rather than from the Quercus mongolica trunks. Under the experimental conditions, the use of C₂H₂ at low concentrations showed no significant influence on soil microbial biomass N, net N mineralization and microbial respiration. However, 100 Pa C₂H₂ in headspace gas could reduce carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from soils. According to the rapid consumption of 10 Pa C₂H₂ by forest soils and convenience for laboratory incubations, 50 Pa C₂H₂ in headspace gas can be used to study the origin of N₂O emissions from forest soils under aerobic conditions and the key associated driving mechanisms. The N₂O and CO₂ emissions from the soils at the same distances from the Quercus mongolica trunks were larger than those from the Pinus koraiensis trunks, and both emissions decreased as the distances from trunks increased. The stepwise regression analysis showed that 95% of the variability in soil CO₂ emissions could be accounted for by the concentrations of soil total C and water soluble organic C and soil pH, and that 72% of the variability in soil N₂O emissions could be accounted for by the concentrations of soil total N, exchangeable NH⁺₄-N and microbial biomass N and 25% of the variability in heterotrophic nitrification by the soil microbial biomass N concentration. The emissions of N₂O and CO₂ from forest soils after exposure of C₂H₂ at low concentrations were positively related to the net nitrification of the soils.     

介质转换对平邑甜茶生物量、根系特征及氮代谢的影响

以盆栽平邑甜茶实生苗为试材,研究了介质转换对其生物量、根系特征及氮代谢的影响。结果表明：平邑甜茶根系由粘土转入壤土后,其生物量增加,外层根系大量发生,也有利于侧根的水平发展,根系活力增强,根系的硝酸还原酶（NR）和谷氨酰胺合酶（GS）活性得到促进,但不利于侧根数量的增加,且根系总表面积下降;当平邑甜茶根系由壤土转入粘土后,根系发生及代谢活动均受到抑制,NR、GS活性下降;在粘土中生长有利于平邑甜茶根系氮素积累,当根系发生介质转换后,无论转入壤土还是粘土,其氮素积累均受到抑制。平邑甜茶根系由一种介质进入另一种介质会打破其原有的生态适应,需通过一系列生理生化过程和新的形态建造过程建立新的生态适应型。     

生物质锅炉中CaO和HCl反应动力学

生物质直燃发电是生物质能利用的重要途径,但燃烧释放的较高浓度的HCl会对锅炉系统产生多方面的危害。该文使用热重分析方法,研究生物质燃烧中CaO和HCl反应动力学。实验结果表明:在600～800℃内,随着温度的升高,反应速率不断加快,本征反应为Arrhenius型,实验测得活化能为35.90kJ.mol-1,指前因子为5.246×10-3 m.s-1。温度超过850℃以后,随着温度升高反应速率常数反而降低,活化能和指前因子是温度的函数,反应有负活化能。在该文的实验条件下,CaO固氯本征化学反应对HCl为一级反应。     

聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料与生物质共热解动力学

利用热重法研究聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料(EPS)与甘蔗渣、花生壳、玉米芯等生物质共热解过程,考察生物质和EPS共热解的相互作用,并根据热重曲线获得动力学参数建立动力学模型.热重分析结果表明:EPS分别与甘蔗渣、玉米芯共热解时有明显的协同作用,而与花生壳共热解协同作用不明显.动力学分析表明:可以用一级反应模型很好地拟合所得实验数据;EPS单独热解时可以用1个一级反应模型描述,生物质单独热解时可用3个连续一级反应模型描述,而EPS与生物质共热解则可用4个连续一级反应模型来描述.     

生物质成型燃料洁净生产分析

为了定性和定量地对生物质成型燃料进行清洁生产评价,以平模和环模为成型设备的生物质一体化成型燃料生产系统为例,分析了生物质成型燃料工艺选择合理性、参数控制的有效性、生产稳定性、设备自动化程度、设备布置的合理性、公用工程节能要求等生产工艺与装备要求指标,新鲜水耗系数、能耗系数、物耗系数、清洁能源消耗系数、资源有毒有害系数等资源能源利用指标,产品合格率、产品寿命、有害产品系数等产品指标.结果表明:生物质成型燃料符合国家政策、工艺选择合理,从源头上杜绝了污染物的产生,消除了末端治理的压力;同时该系统生产稳定、自动化程度高、设备布置合理、能耗低;生产系统的新鲜水耗系数几乎为零,物耗系数小、能耗系数小、清洁能源消耗系数小、资源有毒有害系数极低;同时,生物质成型燃料是一种合格、耐烧和十分清洁的产品.