温度对生命体寿命的影响

综述了温度对生命体寿命的作用，包括温度参与调节特定基因表达和细胞信号传导通路，温度对能量代谢、氧化还原水平、免疫功能和热量限制的影响。介绍了一种将温度系数引入死亡率定律的假设，以此计算温度与寿命之间的关系，为探究温度对寿命的直接影响提供参考和依据。     

河蚬(Corbicula fluminea)对氧化石墨烯和全氟辛烷磺酸类物质(PFOS)联合胁迫的生理生化响应

为了探索碳纳米材料氧化石墨烯(GO)和全氟辛烷磺酸类物质(PFOS)在淡水底栖贝类体内的联合毒性效应, 以河蚬为研究对象, 考察 1 mg/L GO和500 ng/L PFOS单独及联合暴露28天后对河蚬体长、体重、滤食率、活性氧水平、抗氧化系统酶活性和丙二醛含量的影响, 并采用优化的综合生物标志物响应指数(EIBR)进行整体评估。结果表明, 暴露结束后, 河蚬的体长和体重没有明显的变化。与空白对照组和溶剂对照组相比, GO和PFOS的单独暴露组及联合暴露组的滤食率均显著下降。在河蚬的鳃和内脏团中, GO和PFOS的胁迫都会引起抗氧化系统酶活性响应的显著变化, 且两器官中变化趋势一致。EIBR结果表明, 鳃和内脏团中联合暴露组的毒性比 PFOS或GO单独暴露组的毒性更强。     

体质量对中华鳖(Pelodiscus sinensis)生化组成和质量能的影响

分别测定了在实验室条件下养殖的23只稚鳖(终末体质量为15.7～46.4 g)和38只幼鳖(终末体质量为57.5～283.7 g)鳖体的生化组成和质量能.结果表明:随着稚鳖、幼鳖体质量的增加,稚鳖和幼鳖鳖体的蛋白质、脂肪的质量分数和质量能均升高,而水分则随之降低(P＜0.01).稚鳖鳖体的灰分质量分数与体质量相关关系不明显(P＞0.05),而幼鳖的灰分质量分数随体质量增加而降低(P＜0.05).实验证实,以体质量为自变量来预测中华鳖稚鳖和幼鳖的蛋白质、脂肪的质量分数和质量能的方法是简单、可行的.     

热处理条件对IrO2-pH电极性能的影响

在700℃炉冷、870℃空冷和炉冷三种热处理条件下,制备了氧化铱pH微电极,并对比了微电极的线性范围及响应时间.结果表明:热处理条件对Ir氧化物膜的均匀性有很大影响,进而影响其开路电位的稳定性及响应速度.700℃炉冷和870℃空冷制得的电极氧化膜表面粗糙,孔隙率不均匀并伴随有裂纹;而870℃炉冷条件下制得的电极具有表面氧化膜均匀、响应时间短以及线性好等优点.铱氧化物的形成机理是Ir丝被空气中的O2氧化,而高温Li2CO3起到一种溶剂的作用.铱氧化物电极的H+响应是由于电极表面水合氧化铱与溶液中H+发生化学反应,反应为Ir4+与Ir3+之间的转变.     

Serum levels of perfluorinated compounds in the general population in Shenzhen, China

Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) have been detected in many environmental matrices, biota, and nonoccupationally exposed populations in China recently. However, little is known about the distribution and levels of various PFCs in the general population living in areas where there is PFC exposure. In the present study, the levels and prevalence of ten target PFCs were determined in 227 serum samples from a population of nonoccupationally exposed individuals in Shenzhen, China. Results indicated that human exposure to PFCs was prevalent in Shenzhen. Perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) was the dominant PFC contaminant in the serum samples, with a median concentration of 6.72 ng/mL, followed by perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) with a median concentration of 2.07 ng/mL. Other PFCs were detected at much lower concentrations, with median concentrations ranging from 0.02 to 0.87 ng/mL. Statistically, no significant (P>0.05) gender differences were observed for any of the PFCs. Significant (P<0.01) positive correlations were found between age and serum concentrations of the target PFCs, except for perfluorobutane sulfonate (R = 0.16, P = 0.01), perfluorohexanoic acid (R = 0.08, P = 0.22), and perfluoroheptanoic acid (R = 0.11, P = 0.10). Based on the one-compartment pharmacokinetic model, the total daily intakes of PFOA and PFOS for the general population in Shenzhen were calculated as 0.63 and 0.20 ng/kg body weight/day, respectively.     

A gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous analysis of 50 phenols in wastewater using deconvolution technology

Phenolic compounds exist widely in the influents and effluents of sewage treatment plants (STPs) and most are un-regulated. In this study, a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method for the simultaneous analysis of 50 phenolic compounds in wastewater was developed. Deconvolution technology was used to identify contaminants that are covered by co-extracted materials. A mass spectral library containing all 50 silylated phenolic compounds was first established and used for deconvolution. Twelve typical phenolic compounds were selected to optimize the sample preparation procedures. Solid-phase extraction using a C18 cartridge coupled with an HLB cartridge was used for pre-concentration and dichloromethane was used for elution. The solutes were derivatized and analyzed by GC-MS. The blank and matrix spike recoveries ranged from 57.46% to 136.4% and 47.87% to 114.8%, respectively. Method detection limits ranged from 3.64 to 97.64 ng L⁻¹. The relative standard deviations of all the recovery experiments were lower than 13.6%. The instrument limits of quantification ranged from 0.7 to 87.7 pg. The method has been applied to analyze the influents and effluents of 5 Chinese STPs. Except for regulated phenolic compounds (phenol and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol), three un-regulated phenolic compounds, including 2-chlorophenol, 2,5-dichlorophenol and 2,4-dichloro-3-ethyl-6-nitrophenol were identified in the effluent wastewater. The detected concentrations of un-regulated phenolic compounds could possibly cause environmental effects, indicating that immediate attention is required to prevent complications.     

冬眠及外源维生素C对中华鳖(Pelodiscus sinensis)稚鳖能量代谢的影响

观测了冬眠前饲料中添加外源维生素C(Vc)对冬眠中华鳖稚鳖能量代谢的影响.结果发现外源Vc不能提高冬眠期间中华鳖的存活率(P=0.57).稚鳖个体在冬眠期间生长能的平均值为-0.15 kJ.d-1,该值与代谢耗能相当.鳖体蛋白、脂肪、水分和灰分质量分数w在冬眠前后无显著差异(P>0.05),外源Vc对鳖的体组成没有明显影响(P>0.05).冬眠8周后,肝脏线粒体细胞色素C氧化酶(COX)和肝脏乳酸锐氢酶(LDH)的活性显著下降(P<0.05).饲料外源Vc对肝脏线粒体蛋白含量、肝脏线粒体COX和LDH的活性均无影响(P>0.05).     

贮藏温度对蓝莓活性成分及抗氧化活性的影响

研究不同贮藏温度下,蓝莓果实的活性成分及抗氧化活性的变化,确定蓝莓鲜果适宜的贮藏温度,并为研究蓝莓果实中主要的抗氧化成分提供参考.在贮藏温度为20~25,10~15,0~5℃下,于不同贮藏期取样测定蓝莓果实中花青素、总酚和总黄酮的质量分数;测定蓝莓对DPPH自由基（DPPH.）和羟自由基（OH.）的清除率,并分析3种活性成分与蓝莓抗氧化活性的相关性.结果表明,在不同的贮藏温度下,蓝莓果实中花青素、总酚和总黄酮的质量分数及抗氧化活性均呈现先上升后下降的趋势,在贮藏初期,较高的贮藏温度能明显促进蓝莓果实活性成分含量和抗氧化活性的增加,但在贮藏后期,较高的温度加速了蓝莓果实活性成分含量和抗氧化活性的下降速度,并缩短了蓝莓贮藏期;低温（0~5℃）能使蓝莓果实的活性成分含量和抗氧化活性始终维持在一个相对较高的水平,且能显著增加果实的贮藏期,是蓝莓较适宜的贮藏温度;蓝莓果实中花青素、总酚和总黄酮质量分数与其清除自由基的能力之间均呈显著正相关（P〈0.05）.     

含磷化合物生物矿化铀的形态转化与机理

磷元素作为微生物生存生长的必要元素,能有效与铀结合矿化成稳定的U-P沉淀或相应矿物。采用混合细菌介导法,添加含磷化合物处理铀污染地下水-沉积物,探究磷和土著菌相互作用下铀的形态变化及产物稳定性。结果表明：含磷化合物的添加使得溶液中铀去除率高达99.84%;改进连续提取实验得知,沉积物中磷作用后的铀稳定态比例约75%。根据X射线光电子能谱分析和改进连续提取实验结果,细菌可以有效地介导U-P沉淀,含磷化合物可以与六价铀络合形成稳定的沉淀物,结合X射线衍射表明在细菌作用下,磷与铀发生生物矿化可生成Ca-U-P沉淀,实现铀从可转移相到稳定相的转化与固定。     

植物组织结构与抗虫性的关系(综述)

植物对植食性昆虫的防御体系包括组成防御体系和诱导防御体系两个方面,笔者从叶片、树皮、树干等不同部分论述了植物组织结构与抗虫性的关系,说明植物的物理、化学防御体系在植物的抗虫机制中起着重要的作用.