Insect behavior at the leaf surface and learning as aspects of host plant selection

Summary Direct observations on the feeding behavior of insect herbivores are uncommon, but important. The important aspects of host-plant selection by phytophagous insects that have been revealed by such observations are the role of chemicals in the leaf surface, and learning. There are few detailed reports of behavior at the leaf surface, but these indicate that many, if not all, insects exhibit behavior pattenrs that can be interpreted as an examination of the quality of the surface and acceptance or rejection may follow without further testing. A number of experiments show that chemicals from the leaf surface commonly contribute to the acceptability or otherwise of a plant and in most cases so far the active chemicals are of widespread occurrence, not having a specific association with the host plant. Some experiments show that the association between surface chemicals and plant palatability is learned, but in other cases there is evidence of an innate response. Habituation to deterrent chemicals has been demonstrated in the laboratory, but not in the field. Food aversion learning also occurs and may be important in dietary switching by polyphagous insects.     

水稻剑叶蛋白质的双向电泳分析

以三系杂交稻不育系武金4A,保持系武金4B剑叶为材料,利用双向电泳技术,获得了孕穗期剑叶蛋白质双向电泳图谱。经考马斯亮兰染色,可辨别出蛋白质斑点数450个左右；经银染复染后,可辨别出约800个左右蛋白质点。蛋白质相对分子量约在14.0kDa～94.0kDa范围内,主要分布在14.0kDa～67.0kDa之间；等电点(pIs)约在3.5～9.5范围内,主要分布在5.0～7.0之间。     

砂仁叶枯病病原菌生物学特性的研究

通过对砂仁叶枯病病原菌(Pestalotiopsis sp.)生物学特性的研究,结果表明适宜的温度能促进菌丝生长和分生孢子萌发.菌丝生长和分生孢子萌发的最适pH值为6;麦芽糖和葡萄糖为菌丝生长的最适碳源;硝酸铵为最适氮源;蔗糖最易促进孢子萌发;通气条件能促进菌丝生长和分生孢子的萌发;连续光照易促进分生孢子产生.无氮源和无碳源条件下菌丝生长不良;相对湿度在95%以下时,分生孢子不萌发.     

城市绿地植物群落空气负离子浓度及影响要素研究

通过对上海市6种典型城市绿地植物群落夏、秋两季空气负离子浓度的测定,分析了季节因素和群落因素对空气负离子浓度的影响关系,并重点进行了群落因素对空气负离子浓度影响的定量分析研究.研究结果表明:(1) 城市绿地植物群落空气负离子浓度受到季节和群落两个因素的协同作用;(2)城市绿地植物群落夏季的平均负离子浓度高于秋季;(3)...     

基于概率神经网络的烤烟烟叶质量的相关性分析

根据烟叶样本的近红外光谱定量分析得出3种烟叶成分:烟碱、还原糖和蛋白质的含量,加入8种烟叶外观特征,然后使用因子分析方法对概率神经网络输入进行压缩和特征提取,在简化样本的同时对概率神经网络进行优化.应用概率神经网络根据外观质量因素对降维后的烟叶样本建立内在质量的数学预测模型并获得较理想的预测效果.     

韭菜叶及韭菜籽醇提物的抗氧化活性研究

采用乙醇浸润萃取制备韭菜叶及韭菜籽醇提物,测定提取物对DPPH自由基和羟基自由基的清除能力。结果表明韭菜籽及韭菜叶醇提物对DPPH自由基和羟基自由基的都有较强的清除能力。韭菜籽醇提液对DPPH自由基的清除率的IPC50为0.501 mg/mL;对羟基自由基的清除率的IPC50为0.794 mg/mL。韭菜叶醇提液对DPPH自由基的清除率的IPC50为0.540 mg/mL;对羟基自由基的清除率的IPC50为0.496 mg/mL。     

云南不同茶树品种(系)叶性状及变异性

叶性状研究是探讨不同类群植物的适应策略和机理提供快捷简便的方法,是提供有关植物生长和适应环境的重要信息,但关于茶树叶性状的研究却鲜有报道。以云南30种茶树品种(系)为研究对象,对其叶面积(AR)、叶鲜重(FW)、叶干重(DW)、叶厚度(TH)、叶绿素含量(CClC)、叶缘锯齿数、侧脉数、叶长(LL)、叶宽(WD)等进行测量,得到不同茶树的比叶面积(SLA)、叶干物质含量(DMC)等叶性状指标。研究结果如下：(1)各因子变化范围：AR(8.58-48.72cm₂)、FW(0.233-1.656g)、DW(0.090-0.605g)、CClC(60.89-163.49CCI)、TH(0.17-0.34mm)、SLA(60.69-133.06cm₂.g_-1)、DMC(0.350-0.557g.g_-1),其中云南茶树叶片叶绿素含量平均110.81CCI,最高值高达163.49CCI,极显著高于其他地区植物;(2) 叶性状因子相关性结果表明： SLA与DMC之间呈极显著负相关(p＜0.01),SLA与TH、DW、CClC呈极显著负相关(p＜0.01),AR与LL、FW、DW、WD、CClC呈极显著正相关(p＜0.01),FW、DW两个因子与AR、LL、WD、TH均为极显著正相关关系(p＜0.01),TH与CClC呈极显著正相关(p＜0.01);(3) 基于叶面积仪测量法将云南30种茶树划分为大、中、小叶种,这与此前分类有所出入;(4) 30种茶树品种(系)的叶性状变异范围为9.26-40.27%,排序为FW＞ 枯落叶干重＞DW＞AR＞ LL ＞CClC＞MX WD＞AV WD＞ SLA＞TH＞DMC,云南30种茶树叶性状较其他地区相比整体变异性较小,大部分为低变异系数(9.26-40.27%),其中SLA和DMC变异系数分别为16.18%和9.26%。     

Isolation and characterization of rl（t）, a gene that controls leaf rolling in rice

Moderate leaf rolling is one of the most important morphological traits in rice breeding for plant ideotype. Previous studies have shown that the rl（t） gene has a high breeding potential for developing hybrid-rice varieties with an ideal ideotype, because it leads to an appropriate leaf rolling index （LRI） of about 30 % in the heterozygous state, and had a positive effect on grain yield. In this study, we isolated rl（t） and performed a preliminary investigation of its function in regulating leaf rolling in rice. DNA sequencing identified a single base change （G to T） in the finely mapped region （11 kb） containing rl（t）, and this is located in 3′-untranslated region （3′-UTR） of the only predicted gene, Roc5 （Rice outermost cell-specific）. The expression level of Roc5 is significantly higher in the rl（t） mutant than in the wild-type. Using RNAi and overexpression analysis, we found that the expression level of Roc5 correlated with LRI and leaf bulliform area, and wasalso associated with leaf abaxial or adaxial rolling. These results confirmed that Roc5 controls leaf rolling in a dosagedependent manner. Bioinformatics analysis revealed a conserved 17-nt sequence （called the GU-rich element） in the 3′-UTR of HD-GL2 （Homeodomain-Glabra2） family genes including Roc5. Based on the model of this element in regulating mRNA stability in mammals, we speculate that the single nucleotide change in this element accounts for the higher expression level of Roc5 in the rl（t） mutant compared to the wild-type, which ultimately leads to adaxial rolling of the leaf. This discovery further enhances our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying leaf rolling in rice.     

A combination of leaf rust resistance gene Lr34 and lesion mimic gene lm significantly enhances adult plant resistance to Puccinia triticina in wheat

Leaf rust caused by Puccinia triticina is an economically-important disease in wheat worldwide.A combination of different types of resistance genes may significantly enhance rust resistance under rust-favorable conditions.To investigate the interactions between the rust resistance gene Lr34 and the lesion mimic gene lm on 1BL in Ning 7840,a segregating F8-10 population of 180 recombinant inbred lines was developed from Ning 7840/Chokwang and evaluated for both lesion mimic expression and leaf rust response at the adult plant stage in a greenhouse.A major quantitative trait locus(QTL),derived from Sumai 3,was co-localized with Lr34 on chromosome 7D and explained 41.5% of phenotypic variations for rust severity and 22.1% for leaf tip necrosis(LTN).The presence of Lr34 was confirmed by Lr34-specific markers cssfr1 and cssfr2 in Ning 7840 and Sumai 3.Unlike Lr34,lm conditioned a spontaneous lesion mimic phenotype and had a significant effect on reducing uredinial size,and a smaller effect on severity.Additive effects were observed between lm and Lr34 for severity and LTN,and an epistatic effect was observed for infection type.Single marker analysis also identified several other QTL with minor effects on severity,infection type,or LTN.     

从《全唐诗》看唐文人写作的非传统文献载体

<全唐诗>共收诗四万八千九百余首,计九百卷,对于研究我国唐代的历史文化与文学,无疑具有很大的参考价值.唐代文人大多信手挥毫,所到之处不仅印染了他们的足迹,而且留下了流传千古的诗作.正是从这些作品中,我们可以看出唐代文人写作所用的文献载体:除了传统的像简牍、纸、石、壁等之类,非传统文献载体也占据着相当大的比例,如树叶、屏风、扇等.