智能化44点啤酒发酵温度巡测仪

本文将八十年代最新研制的集成温度传感器ＡＤ５９０、８０９０单片机，可编程逻辑器件ＧＡＬ－１６Ｖ８Ａ等新器件及智能化新技术，集中应用于啤酒发酵过程的温度检测。与传统人工测温相比，具有测温精度高、稳定性好、反应快、可远距离自动检测、定时打印，减轻工人劳动强度、调节啤酒发酵温度的响应速度快等特点。     

切削刀具倒棱刃口挤压力的理论计算

根据试验观察．揭出了刀具刃口带负倒棱时的切削模型。在此模型中,刀具刃口 存在一个“金属死区”。以新模型为基础．采用能量法,对高温、高应变率下刀具刃 口的挤压力进行了理论计算。所做工作的特点是：１）在材料变形分析中计入了挤压 层金属绕过刀具刃口时的过剩变形;２）进行有关材料变形与物理特性的计算时,考 虑了温度与应变率的影响。利用新研制的压电式切削测力仪进行验证试验,其结果表 明,理论计算值与实测数据较好一致。     

The induction of secondary seed dormancy by oxygen deficiency in a barnyard grassEchinochloa crus-galli

At 25°C, secondary dormancy was induced in seeds ofE. crus-galli exposed for 100 days to oxygen deficiency. By contrast, hypoxia did not induce dormancy at 15°C or prevent dormancy termination at 7°C. Secondary dormancy was terminated after 2 months stratification at 7°C. Oxygen deficiency may increase the proportion of dormant seeds in the soil, and affect the dynamics of the barnyard-grass soil seed bank.We thank Miss Jitka Králová for her excellent technical assistance.     

Internal interactions within the human circadian system: the masking effect

Summary In the realm of human circadian rhythms, the masking effect is defined as the change in the course of deep body temperature induced by changes in the degree of physical activity, or by the alteration between sleep and wake. This effect is particularly obvious during internal desynchronization where the rhythms of deep body temperature, and the sleep-wake sleep-wake sleep cycle — i.e. one of the masking factors — run with different periods.Every sleep onset is accompanied by a rapid drop, and wake onset by a rapid rise in deep body temperature, each one with an overshoot of about 50% of the steady state variations. When rhythms are calculated, with the dominant temperature period as the screening period, exclusively from data obtained during sleep episodes, on the one hand, and from those obtained exclusively during wake, on the other, two average cycles emerge: the sleep temperature curve and the wake temperature curve. Both run in parallel but are separated by the masking effcct. As derived from many experiments, the mean masking effect amounts to 0.28±0.06°C. The masking effect also depends to some extent on the phase of the temperature rhtthm; it is larger than average around the temperature maximum and during the descending phase of the temperature cycle, where the alertness commonly is highest and the probability to sleep, in general, and the REM sleep propensity, in particular, are smaller than average. This also can be interpreted to indicate that the sleep temperature curve is phase advanced relative to the wake temperature curve; this, on the average, by 0.9±0.3 h.If the individually determined amount of masking is added to the temperature data obtained during sleep, or substracted from the temperature data obtained during wake, a temperature curve emerges that can be though of as being purified of the masking effect. Analyses of this artificial curve allow estimation of that part of the internal interactions uninfluenced by the masking effect. On the average, about half of the amount of interaction between the rhythm of sleep-wake and that of deep body temperature is explained by the masking effect, whereas the other half is oscillatory interaction. Both types of interaction are inherent and inseparable parts of the circadian clock mechanism, as can be deduced from model considerations.     

Photoperiodic summation is temperature-dependent inPyrrhocoris apterus (L.) (Heteroptera)

Summary InPyrrhocoris apterus, a low temperature, 15°C, prevented the termination of diapause by long days and, unexpectedly, also the induction of diapause by short days. Both responses were enabled at a higher temperature, 26°C. In contrast to current concepts, it was proved that the summation of photoperiodic signals was temperature-dependent, since the morphogenetic development was prevented by starvation.     

涂层对热电偶热电性能及大气中寿命的影响

在难熔金属热电偶表而施加涂层的目的,旨在使原仅限和真空、中性及还原气氛中测量的热电偶能在大气中使用.本文讨论涂层对难熔金属热电偶在氧化气氛的"热电势—温度","热电势—时间"的关系及其寿命的影响.具有涂层的W/M.热电偶在氧化气氛(常压下1500℃取得263小时±1%t的最高记录,而W-Re热电偶存1500℃试验的前70小时偏差也在1%t内.而没有涂层的热电偶仅支持数分钟便破坏.     

IRS辅助的MISO-SWIPT安全速率最大化算法

为增强系统的稳定性,基于智能反射面（intelligent reflection surface,IRS）辅助安全通信,为用户采用功率分配架构的无线携能传输（simultaneous wireless information and power transfer,SWIPT）技术以提高用户安全速率并降低用户的能量消耗,建立了系统安全速率最大化的目标函数模型;考虑IRS相移约束、基站最大发射功率、功率分配比率约束和用户最低能量采集约束,提出了一种基于交替优化的安全速率最大化算法。利用连续凸近似算法,将目标函数转化为凸的形式;采用交替优化,对耦合变量进行解耦处理;提出一种波束赋形算法以实现安全速率最大化。仿真表明,提出的算法能够有效提升IRS辅助的SWIPT系统的安全速率,至少比其他算法提高了2.63bps/Hz。     

IRS辅助WPCN用户公平性与系统吞吐量优化方案

为了解决无线供电网（wireless powered communication network,WPCN）中用户公平性不足与系统灵活性差的问题,提出一种基于智能反射面（intelligent reflecting surface,IRS）的优化方案。该方案直接将公平指数（fairness index,FI）和系统吞吐量加权相加作为优化目标,建立了用户公平性与系统吞吐量的联合优化问题。由于所建立的优化问题是非凸问题,因此,将优化问题拆分为时隙长度和IRS反射系数优化子问题,然后交替求解。针对时隙长度优化子问题,使用逐次凸逼近（successive convex approximation,SCA）算法求解;针对IRS反射系数优化子问题,使用闭式解、SCA和半定松弛（semi definite relaxation,SDR）算法求解。仿真结果表明,所提方案在用户公平性和系统灵活性方面优于其他方案。     

浅论温室效应及其灾害和对策

本文概略综述了近年来世界争论的“地球危机”问题。由于人类的活动,大气中二氧化碳等增加,气候恶化,地球升温,导致一系列重大自然灾害,严重地威协着人类。本文特对地震灾害进行了分析,温室效应对地球表面的升温,虽不至于直接影响到地震的孕育和发生,但是观测事实表明,环境因子太阳活动和气象与地震之间存在某种联系,对地震的发生常常起有调制和触发的作用,大气变化和太阳活动会影响到地震发生的频度和强度。为配合“国际减灾十年”活动,本文亦讨论了对策问题。     

Hypothalamic histamine modulates adaptive behavior of rats at high environmental temperature

Summary Histamine content in the rat hypothalamus was lower at 4°C and higher at 31°C compared to that at 21°C. Pretreatment with -fluoromethylhistidine, a suicide inhibitor of histidine decarboxylase, attenuated both the increased level of hypothalamic histamine and rat adaptive behavior at 31°C. Increase of histamine content in the hypothalamus appears to be an important factor contributing to rat adaptive behavior to high environmental temperature.